Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Mon Apr 27, 2020 14:53
Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Mon Apr 27, 2020 12:45
Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Mon Apr 27, 2020 12:15
Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Mon Apr 27, 2020 06:17
Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Fri Apr 24, 2020 12:15
Future Oncology, Ahead of Print.
Fri Apr 24, 2020 11:15
Abstract Purpose Choroid plexus tumors comprise of choroid plexus papilloma (CPP, WHO grade I), atypical choroid plexus papilloma (aCPP, WHO grade II) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC, WHO grade III). Molecular events driving the majority of choroid plexus tumors remain poorly understood. Recently, DNA methylation profiling has revealed different epigenetic subgroups. ...
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Abstract Purpose Chordomas account for 1% to 4% of all bone malignancies and 0.5% of all primary intracranial central nervous system tumors. Prior epidemiologic literature is based on limited population data. The purpose of this study is to provide the largest and most inclusive population based study of the descriptive epidemiology of chordomas. Methods ...
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Abstract Purpose Glioblastoma (GBM) carries a dismal prognosis despite standard multimodal treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD1 blockade, for treatment of GBM failed to show clinical benefit. Rational combination strategies to overcome resistance of GBM to checkpoint monotherapy are needed to extend the promise of immunotherapy to GBM management. Emerging evidence suggests that...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Abstract Purpose Stereotactic radiosurgery is an established treatment option for sporadic meningiomas, though limited data exists for radiation-induced lesions. Methods Patients treated with cobalt-60 radiosurgery between October 2005 and December 2018 in an institutional registry were reviewed. Single fraction treatments were prescribed to the 50%...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Abstract Introduction Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common primary brain neoplasm in children and treated in curative intent with gross total resection (GTR). However, PA is rare in adults, resulting in limited knowledge on the natural clinical course. This study aimed to describe the clinical course and identify prognostic factors of adult patients with PA. Methods...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Abstract Purpose Nonfunctional pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) in pediatric and adolescent age are extremely rare. This study aimed to report a series of 14 pediatric and adolescent NFPAs to assist in its clinical management. Methods A total of 14 consecutive patients pathologically diagnosed with NFPAs (age ≤ 20 years) were retrospectively examined, and...
Fri Apr 24, 2020 03:00
Blood cells, known as hemocytes in invertebrates, play important and conserved roles in immunity, wound healing and tissue remodelling. The control of hemocyte number is therefore critical to ensure these functions are not compromised, and studies using Drosophila melanogaster are proving useful for understanding how this occurs. Recently, the embryonic patterning gene, torso-like (tsl), was identified as being required both for normal hemocyte development and for providing immunity against certain...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 23:21
Plant volatile emissions can recruit predators of herbivores for indirect defence and attract pollinators to aid in pollination. Although volatiles involved in defence and pollinator attraction are primarily emitted from leaves and flowers, respectively, they will co-evolve if their underlying genetic basis is intrinsically linked, either due to pleiotropy or genetic linkage. However, direct evidence of co-evolving defence and floral traits is scarce. We characterized intra-specific variation of...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Signaling pathways control a large number of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) during animal development, acting as major tools for body plan formation1. Remarkably, in contrast to the large number of transcription factors present in animal genomes, only a few of these pathways operate during development2. Moreover, most of them are largely conserved along metazoan evolution3. How evolution has generated a vast diversity of animal morphologies with such a limited number of tools is still largely unknown....
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
The physical properties of biomaterials such as stiffness or nanostructure- are commonly tailored to direct cell functions in diverse applications. While biochemically induced laboratory cellular evolution is well established, no studies have examined whether population of cells can evolve in response to selection pressure imposed by the physical properties of biomaterials. Here we found that genetically variable populations of fibroblasts increased in fitness upon sustained culture on novel soft...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Interspecific coevolutionary interactions can result in rapid biotic adaptation, but most studies have focused only on species pairs. Here, we (co)evolved five microbial species in replicate polycultures and monocultures and quantified local adaptation. Specifically, growth rate assays were used to determine adaptations of each species' populations to (1) the presence of the other four species in general and (2) sympatric vs allopatric communities. We found no evidence for general biotic adaptation:...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Development can bias the independent evolution of traits sharing ontogenetic pathways, making certain evolutionary changes less likely. The eyespots commonly found on butterfly wings each have concentric rings of differing colors and these serially repeated pattern elements have been a focus for evo-devo research. In the butterfly family Nymphalidae, eyespots have been shown to function in startling or deflecting predators, and to be involved in sexual selection. Previous work on a model species...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Repeated and independent evolution of the same phenotypes in similar environments is common, but less is known about the repeatability of the underlying genetic mechanisms, particularly in species with small effective population sizes and strong population structuring. We identified genomic regions responsible for the repeated reduction of pelvic spines and girdles in three crosses between pond (reduced pelvic apparatus) and marine (full apparatus) nine-spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) using...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
Stream ecosystems are spatially heterogeneous, with many different habitat patches distributed within a small area. The influence of this heterogeneity on the biodiversity of benthic insect communities is well documented; however, studies of the role of habitat heterogeneity in species coexistence and community assembly remain limited. Here, we asked how habitat heterogeneity influences spatial structure (beta biodiversity) and phylogenetic structure (evolutionary processes) of benthic stonefly (Plecoptera,...
Mon Apr 27, 2020 03:00
In evolution, it is widely believed that phenotypic changes root in developmental changes and phenotype conservation, in developmental conservation. Seeming phenotype conservation may however hide evolutionary changes in the underlying developmental mechanisms by which a trait is produced. This cryptic evolution is also called Developmental System Drift, and the extent of this phenomenon unclear. We used a well-characterized evo-devo model system, rodent molars, to test the correlation between phenotypic...
Sun Apr 26, 2020 03:00
Evolutionary theory predicts that vertically transmitted symbionts are selected for low virulence, as their fitness is directly correlated to that of their host. In contrast with this prediction, the Wolbachia strain wMelPop drastically reduces its Drosophila melanogaster host lifespan at high rearing temperatures. It is generally assumed that this feature is maintained because the D. melanogaster-wMelPop symbiosis is usually not exposed to environmental conditions in which the symbiont is virulent....
Sun Apr 26, 2020 03:00
In eukaryotes, conserved mechanisms ensure that cell growth is coordinated with nutrient availability. Overactive growth during nutrient limitation (nutrient-growth dysregulation) can lead to rapid cell death. Here, we demonstrate that cells can adapt to nutrient-growth dysregulation by evolving major metabolic defects. Specifically, when yeast lysine auxotrophic mutant lys- encountered lysine limitation, an evolutionarily novel stress, cells suffered nutrient-growth dysregulation. A sub-population...
Sun Apr 26, 2020 03:00
Determining species boundaries forms an important foundation for biological research. However, the results of molecular species delimitation can vary with the data sets and methods that are used. Here we use a two-step approach to delimit species in the genus Heptathela, a group of primitively segmented trapdoor spiders that are endemic to Japanese islands. Morphological evidence suggests the existence of 19 species in the genus. We tested this initial species hypothesis by using six molecular species-delimitation...
Sun Apr 26, 2020 03:00
A global cross-discipline effort is ongoing to characterize the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus and generate reliable epidemiological models of its diffusion. To this end, phylogenomic approaches leverage accumulating genomic mutations as barcodes to track the evolutionary history of the virus and can benefit from the surge of sequences deposited in public databases. Yet, such methods typically rely on consensus sequences representing the dominant virus lineage, whereas a complex sublineage architecture...
Sun Apr 26, 2020 03:00
Therapeutic antibiotic use drives the spread of antibiotic resistance, a major threat to public health. Ideally, clinicians could treat infections with antibiotics without fueling transmission of resistant pathogens. Here, we show proof of concept for an adjunctive therapy approach that allows treatment of target pathogens without the emergence and onward transmission of resistance. Like many of the bacterial species responsible for the antimicrobial resistance crisis, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
Tarantulas paradoxically exhibit a diverse palette of vivid colouration despite their crepuscular to nocturnal habits. The evolutionary origin and maintenance of these colours remains a mystery. In this study, we reconstructed the ancestral states of both blue and green colouration in tarantula setae, and tested how these colours correlate with the presence of stridulation, urtication, and arboreality. Green colouration has likely evolved at least eight times, and blue colouration is likely an ancestral...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
Corals have been attracting huge attention due to the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on reef formation and resilience. Nevertheless, some species like Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis have been spreading very fast replacing the native ones which affect the local environment and decrease biodiversity of corals and other organisms associated with them. Despite some focal efforts to understand the biology of these organisms, they remain understudied at the molecular level. This...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an evolutionarily conserved neurosecretory molecule implicated in a diverse complement of functions across taxa and in regulating feeding behavior and reproductive maturation in Octopus. However, little is known about the precise molecular circuitry of NPY-mediated behaviors and physiological processes, which likely involve a complex interaction of multiple signal molecules in specific brain regions. Here we examined the expression of NPY throughout the Octopus central nervous...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently in angiosperms, but most origins are relatively old so that the early events linked to photosynthetic diversification are blurred. The grass Alloteropsis semialata is an exception, as this single species encompasses C4 and non-C4 populations. Using phylogenomics and population genomics, we infer the history of dispersal and secondary exchanges before, during, and after photosynthetic divergence in A. semialata. We further establish the genetic...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
Genome compositions vary among species and nucleotides are unevenly distributed in the genomes in correlation with genomic functions. The multi-scale organizations of dinucleotides in the genome and their evolution are important genomic features informative on biological function and evolution, but remain to be fully analyzed. Here, we investigated the distributions of dinucleotides, especially that of CpG due to its biological importance, in a variety of species. Among all dinucleotides, we found...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
Variation in age at maturity is an important contributor to life history and demographic variation within and among species. The optimal age at maturity can vary by sex, and the ability of each sex to evolve towards its fitness optimum depends on the genetic architecture of maturation. Using GWAS of RAD sequencing data, we show that age at maturity in Chinook salmon exhibits sex-specific genetic architecture, with age at maturity in males governed by large (up to 20Mb) male-specific haplotypes. These...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
Postcopulatory sexual selection can generate coevolutionary arms races between the sexes resulting in the rapid coevolution of reproductive phenotypes. As traits affecting fertilisation success diverge between populations postmating prezygotic barriers to gene flow may evolve. Conspecific sperm precedence is a form of such isolation thought to evolve early during speciation yet has mostly been studied between species. Here we show conpopulation sperm precedence between Drosophila montana populations....
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
The evolutionary events which led to the first eukaryotic cell are still controversial. The Asgard genome encodes a variety of eukaryotic signature proteins previously unseen in prokaryotes. Functional and structural characterization of these proteins is beginning to shed light on the complexity and pedigree of the ancestral eukaryotic cell. In eukaryotes, the key cytoskeletal protein actin is important for diverse cellular processes such as membrane remodeling and cell motility. Dynamic polymerization...
Sat Apr 25, 2020 03:00
In insect species like Drosophila melanogaster, ability to evolve greater resistance or evolution of certain traits under specific environmental condition leads to energy trade-offs with other important life-history traits. A number of studies from multiple fields have documented the life-history associated cost. However, very few laboratory selection studies on increased resistance to cold stress have assessed the life-history associated cost. For this study, we used replicate populations of D....
Fri Apr 24, 2020 03:00
We report a method, ContamLD, for estimating autosomal ancient DNA (aDNA) contamination by measuring the breakdown of linkage disequilibrium in a sequenced individual due to the introduction of contaminant DNA, leveraging the idea that contaminants should have haplotypes uncorrelated to those of the studied individual. Using simulated data, we confirm that ContamLD accurately infers contamination rates with low standard errors (e.g. less than 1.5% standard error in cases with <10% contamination...
Fri Apr 24, 2020 03:00
The availability of whole genome sequencing data from multiple related populations creates opportunities to test sophisticated population genetic models of convergent adaptation. Recent work by Lee and Coop (2017) developed models to infer modes of convergent adaption at local genomic scales, providing a rich framework for assessing how selection has acted across multiple populations at the tested locus. Here I present, rdmc, an R package that builds on the existing software implementation of Lee...
Fri Apr 24, 2020 03:00
In insect species like Drosophila melanogaster, ability to evolve greater resistance or evolution of certain traits under specific environmental condition leads to energy trade-offs with other important life-history traits. A number of studies from multiple fields have documented the life-history associated cost. However, very few laboratory selection studies on increased resistance to cold stress have assessed the life-history associated cost. For this study, we used replicate populations of D....
Fri Apr 24, 2020 03:00
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