A near-universal Standard Genetic Code (SGC) implies a single origin for Earthly life. To study this unique event, I compute paths to the SGC, comparing different histories. SGC-like coding tables emerge, using traditional evolutionary mechanisms - a superior evolutionary route can be identified. To objectively measure evolution, progress values from 0 (random coding) to 1 (SGC-like) are defined, measuring fractions of random-code-to-SGC distance. Progress types are spacing/distance/delta Polar Requirement,...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Here, we developed a novel 'evolution of protein domains' (EvoProDom) model for evolution of proteins, which was based on 'mix and merge' of protein domains. We collected and integrated genomic and proteome data for 109 organisms. These data include protein domain content and orthologous protein families. In EvoProDom, we defined evolutionary events, such as translocations, as reciprocal exchanges of protein domains between orthologous proteins of different organisms. We found that protein domains,...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health concern as it continues to spread within China and beyond. The causative agent of this disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus which also includes severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (MERSr-CoV). Codon usage of viral genes are believed to be subjected to different selection pressures in different...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis invokes a role for development in shaping adaptive evolution, which in population genetics terms corresponds to mutation-biased adaptation. Critics have claimed that clonal interference makes mutation-biased adaptation rare. We consider the behavior of two simultaneously adapting traits, one with larger mutation rate U, the other with larger selection coefficient s, using asexual traveling wave models. We find that adaptation is dominated by whichever trait has...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Some microbes have a fascinating ability to degrade compounds that are toxic for humans in a process called bioremediation. Although these traits help microbes survive the toxins, carrying them can be costly if the benefit of detoxification is shared by all surrounding microbes, whether they detoxify or not. Detoxification can thereby be seen as a public goods game, where non-degrading mutants can sweep through the population and collapse bioremediation. Here, we constructed an evolutionary game...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Predicting how pathogen populations will change over time is challenging. Such has been the case with Streptococcus pneumoniae, an important human pathogen, and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), which target only a fraction of the strains in the population. Here, we use the frequencies of accessory genes to predict changes in the pneumococcal population after vaccination, hypothesizing that these frequencies reflect negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) on the gene products. We...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Carnivores tend to exhibit a lack of (or less pronounced) genetic structure at continental scales in both a geographic and temporal sense using various mitochondrial DNA markers on modern and/or ancient specimens. This tends to confound the identification of refugial areas and post-glacial colonization patterns in this group. In this study we used Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of a widespread carnivore, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), in Europe by investigating...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
The etiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is subdivided into seven genetic subdivisions termed discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI and Tcbat. The relevance of T. cruzi genetic diversity to the variable clinical course of the disease, virulence, pathogenicity, drug resistance, transmission cycles and ecological distribution justifies the concerted efforts towards understanding the population structure of T. cruzi strains. In this study, we introduce a novel approach termed phyloquant...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. These geographic patterns have mostly been studied...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Laboratory studies are often criticized for not being representative of processes occurring in natural populations. This can be partially mitigated by using lab populations that capture large amounts of variation. Additionally, many studies addressing adaptation of organisms to their environment are done with laboratory populations, using quantitative genetics or experimental evolution methodologies. Such studies rely on populations that are either highly outbred or inbred. However, the methodology...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Gene transcription variation is known to contribute to disease susceptibility and adaptation, but we currently know very little about how contemporary natural selection shapes transcript abundance. We estimated selection on transcript abundance in cohort of a wild salmonid fish (Salmo trutta) affected by a myxozoan parasite through mark-recapture field sampling and the integration of RNA-seq with classical regression-based selection analysis. We show, based on fin transcriptomes of the host, that...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Extreme environments test the limits of life. Still, some organisms thrive in harsh conditions, begging the question whether the repeated colonization of extreme environments is facilitated by predictable and repeatable evolutionary innovations. We identified the mechanistic basis underlying convergent evolution of tolerance to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - a potent toxicant that impairs mitochondrial function - across evolutionarily independent lineages of a fish (Poecilia mexicana, Poeciliidae) from...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Defense mechanisms against pathogens are prevalent in nature, and their maintenance is critical for long-term survival of a species. Such mechanisms, which include CRISPR-mediated immunity in bacteria and the R genes in plants, carry substantial costs to organisms and can be rapidly lost when pathogens are eliminated. How a species preserves its molecular defenses despite their costs, in the face of variable pathogen levels, and across an ecology of localized patches remains a major unsolved problem...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
British Journal of Cancer, Published online: 26 February 2020; doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0760-7Case–control study of paternal occupational exposures and childhood bone tumours and soft-tissue sarcomas in Great Britain, 1962–2010
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British Journal of Cancer, Published online: 26 February 2020; doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0763-4Genetic heterogeneity and evolutionary history of high-grade ovarian carcinoma and matched distant metastases
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British Journal of Cancer, Published online: 25 February 2020; doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0766-1Correction: A multicentre, prospective study of plasma circulating tumour DNA test for detecting RAS mutation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Tue Feb 25, 2020 02:00
Horm Metab ResDOI: 10.1055/a-1061-7349Bilateral hyperplasias of the adrenal cortex are rare causes of chronic endogenous hypercortisolemia also called Cushing syndrome. These hyperplasias have been classified in two categories based on the adrenal nodule size: the micronodular types include Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD) and isolated Micronodular Adrenal Disease (iMAD) and the macronodular also named Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PBMAH). This review...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 01:00
THORAC CARDIOV SURG Reports 2020; 09: e4-e8DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402765 Background A single atrium is a very rare heart condition, in which the inter atrial septum is missing. These congenital heart defects usually are surgically corrected after birth. Case Presentation We present a successful surgical repair of a single atrium (SA) in a 27-year-old woman, who has a complete missing of the atrial septum, without coexisting valvular pathology. The SA diameter was 9.97 × 6.18 cm...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 01:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00287
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12835
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02187
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00045
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11313
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12205
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13072
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12707
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00029
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12180
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01730
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10936
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10405
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13599
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Journal of the American Chemical SocietyDOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12759
Tue Feb 25, 2020 07:00
Beat the cold. (Karen Cantú Q via Unsplash/)It’s easy to forget to put on a scarf before you go outside, but then you walk into the cold and the regret hits you like an avalanche. The right neck blanket will help keep you warm, whether you’re opting for a down jacket or a light bomber. Of course, you’ll want to consider material, style, and length based on the conditions and event you’re donning it for. Here are a few options we recommend.Made from merino wool. (Amazon/)This Smartwool scarf is exceptionally...
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So inviting! (Jose Mendoza/)Window seats are a great alternative to armchairs and loveseats, but trying to find one the right size can be challenging. Pre-made options are often too small, too big, too wide, or too narrow, and having a professional carpenter build a customized one can be expensive.The solution? Get hands-on and build your very own window seat.Stats (for one window seat)<b>Time: </b>2-3 hours<b>Material cost (not including cushions):</b> $80-$140<b>Difficulty:</b>...
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A tadpole of a gray tree frog sucks in a bubble full of oxygen—a clever workaround around having to fight against surface tension and get a breath of fresh air. (Kurt Schwenk/)Blowing spit bubbles might seem silly or immature, but when you’re a tiny aquatic creature just trying to catch a breath, there’s a good reason for it.A few summers ago, Kurt Schwenk noticed a splashy new behavior while watching baby tree frogs shimmy around a tank. “One came to the surface and did something strange,” the University...
Tue Feb 25, 2020 22:43
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