Submental tracheal intubation

TECHNICAL STRATEGIES
A Simple and Reliable Submental Intubation Technique for Maxillofacial Fractures

Oshima, Naoya MD; Shiraishi, Tomohiro MD; Kawauchi, Tsukasa MD; Oba, Jun MD; Sato, Daisuke MD; Fujiki, Masahide MD; Ozaki, Mine MD; Takushima, Akihiko MD; Harii, Kiyonori MDAuthor Information
Journal of Craniofacial Surgery: October 2018 - Volume 29 - Issue 7 - p 1952-1955
doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000004628
OPEN
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Abstract


In 1986, Altemir first reported the use of submental intubation to avoid tracheotomy in patients with panfacial and midfacial fractures for whom intermaxillary fixation is necessary, but orotracheal and nasotracheal intubations are not recommended. This novel technique allowed intraoperative access to perform dental occlusion and reconstruction of the nasal pyramid in patients with skull base fractures. Herein, we describe a refined technique based on Altemir's original procedure. Seven male patients with panfacial fractures underwent submental intubation using our refined technique. The technique was developed after encountering a technical error with Altemir's original procedure. In this new technique, we employed a 2-0 silk suture guide to allow the passage of both the endotracheal and cuff-inflation tubes through the same tunnel created from the oral cavity to the submental area. The success rate of the refined technique was 100%, and there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. There was 20 seconds of ventilation outage time in total. Endotracheal and cuff-inflation tubes were easily and quickly passed through the same submental tunnel. Our refined technique is simple, easy, safe, fast, inexpensive, and does not require specific materials. Submental scars were smaller and relatively inconspicuous in this study, compared to those reportedly associated with other modified techniques.


In patients with panmaxillary and/or mandibular fractures, nasotracheal intubation is usually required to allow intraoperative access for maxillo-mandibular fixation to establish correct dental occlusion. However, nasotracheal intubation is not recommended in cases with nasal and/or basal skull fractures.1 Tracheotomy is usually employed in such cases, but it often leaves a noticeable scar on the neck and is associated with iatrogenic complications, such as tracheal stenosis, laryngeal nerve damage, and long-standing tracheal fistula.2,3

In 1986, Hernandez Altemir first reported submental intubation as a procedure to avoid tracheotomy in cases with open reduction of facial fractures to obtain intraoperative access to dental occlusions when either nasotracheal or orotracheal intubation is impossible.4 The technique is relatively easy to perform and reliable but is sometimes associated with complications, including those related to the wound and endotracheal/cuff-inflation tubes (Table 1).5–10TABLE 1:
The 2 Types of Complications During Submental Intubation

Importantly, the endotracheal and cuff-inflation tubes sometimes require different passageways through the submental tissue, which creates a loop in the inflation tube in the submental tunnel and results in cuff inflation difficulty. Several techniques have recently been reported to reduce the complications associated with the passage of both tubes from the oral cavity to the submental area.11 Herein, we report a refined submental intubation technique based on Altemir's original method, designed to avoid the aforementioned complications.
METHODS

Seven patients underwent submental intubation using our refined technique at our institution between May 2016 and April 2017, and the technique was performed by 5 different plastic surgeons. All patients had panfacial fractures, and neither oral nor nasal intubation was applicable due to their maxillary and/or mandibular fractures in conjunction with nasal or basal skull fractures. All patients were male and were 16 to 75 years of age (mean 42.5 years). Written informed consent to undergo the procedure was provided prior to undergoing open reduction and internal fixation simultaneously with intermaxillary fixation (Table 2). An anesthesiologist induced general anesthesia for basic oral intubation and extubation in all cases. The vital functions of all patients were monitored and the patients’ breathing was managed during surgery.TABLE 2:
Clinical Profile of Patients who Underwent Submental Intubation
Refined Submental Intubation Technique

After basic oral intubation, temporary draping of the mid and lower face was performed. A skin incision of approximately 2 cm was made centrally approximately 3 cm caudal to the inferior border of the mandible in the submental region down to the platysma. Using a pair of curved artery forceps (Medical U&A, Japan), the submental tunnel was bluntly made from the platysma to the mylohyoid muscle, and then to the mucosa of the oral floor. After the forceps reached the oral floor, the mucosa was incised from the oral cavity. The submental tunnel was then bluntly enlarged to the width of the endotracheal tube using the same forceps, and a 2-0 silk suture (Alfresa Pharma, Osaka, Japan) was grasped by the forceps and passed caudally through the tunnel. Next, the caudal part of the same suture was grasped by 2 pairs of curved artery forceps, with a distance of approximately 10 cm between the 2 pairs of forceps (Fig. 1A-B). After pulling the suture from the oral cavity, the first pair of forceps was passed through the tunnel. The cuff-inflation tube was grasped by the same pair of forceps and pulled out through the tunnel (Fig. 1C). The suture was pulled again, and the second pair of forceps was passed through the tunnel until the oral floor was reached. The endotracheal tube was then detached from the part connected to the ventilator and was grasped by the second pair of forceps and pulled out through the same tunnel (Fig. 1D) (rendering of our refined technique, which was described in Fig. 1A-D, is in Supplemental Digital Content, Video, http://links.lww.com/SCS/A357). The endotracheal tube was immediately attached to the connector and the ventilator and was fixed to the submental skin via a 2-0 silk suture (Fig. 1E). After repositioning and fixation of the fractures and subsequent intermaxillary fixation, the tubes were repositioned to the intraoral intubation position to re-establish ventilation. The submental incision was closed in 2 layers using 5-0 polydioxanone and 6-0 nylon sutures (Ethicon, Bridgewater, NJ), and the mucosa incision was closed in 1 layer using a 4-0 polyglactin 910 suture (Ethicon).FIGURE 1:
(A) A 2-0 silk suture (* and arrows) was passed through the submental tunnel. Two pairs of forceps were then attached to the suture with a distance of approximately 10 cm between them, on the submental side. (B) Schematic diagram of the photograph shown in (A). (C) The cuff-inflation tube was grasped with a pair of forceps and pulled through the tunnel. (D) The endotracheal tube was grasped by a second pair of forceps and pulled out through the same tunnel. (E) The endotracheal tube was fixed to the submental skin via a 2-0 silk suture.
RESULTS

In the first case, we pulled out the inflation tube and then pulled out the endotracheal tube using curved artery forceps in accordance with the original submental intubation technique. However, we could not fully inflate the cuff to achieve sufficient ventilation because of a technical error, wherein the endotracheal and cuff-inflation tubes went through different passages in the submental tissue, which created a loop in the inflation tube within the incision (Fig. 2A-B).FIGURE 2:
(A) The loop of the cuff-inflation tube within the incision. (B) A cross-sectional depiction of the intubation shown in (A).

We then modified the original method using a 2-0 silk suture, as described earlier, and successfully pulled out the 2 tubes easily through the same route. This technique was successfully utilized in 6 subsequent cases by 5 different plastic surgeons, thereby facilitating submental intubation. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications associated with the procedure. The mean duration of the procedures, excluding the initial case, was approximately 6 minutes (minimum 3 minutes, maximum 9 minutes). The average outage time of ventilation was approximately 20 seconds.
DISCUSSION

Tracheotomy sometimes causes intraoperative and postoperative complications, and complication rates of 14% to 45% have been reported.12 Submental intubation is generally not associated with major complications; however, minor complications can occur, and a minor complication rate of 7% was reported in one study.13 In previous reports, the mean duration of tracheotomy was 42 minutes,14 and the mean duration of submental intubation was 10 minutes.15

Various technical studies have described ways to avoid the complications associated with the passage of the endotracheal/cuff-inflation tube from the oral cavity to the submental area. To ensure that these 2 tubes pass through the same submental tunnel without damaging either tube, specialized equipment to guide the tubes through the submental tunnel is needed, such as a nasal speculum with long flanges,16 nylon tubes,17 silicone tubes,18 a percutaneous dilational tracheostomy kit,19 or a polypropylene cylinder from a disposable 10-cc syringe.20 It has also been reported that covering the tips of both tubes with the blue cap from a thoracic catheter21 or a surgical glove finger22,23 can reduce the risk of tube damage (Table 3).TABLE 3:
Previously Reported Modification Materials

Notably, previously reported techniques to achieve this outcome have limitations, including requiring specific materials and use of larger submental skin incisions since the size of the equipment is often larger than that of the endotracheal tube diameter. Conversely, our refined technique only requires a silk suture which is generally in the hospital for surgery, and an incision size of <2 cm because the tunnel diameter required is almost the same as the endotracheal tube diameter. The mean duration of the procedure was 6 minutes, which is shorter than previously reported times in the literature.24 A silk suture is soft, has a high level of flexibility, and a small diameter. Passing the hard and/or large equipment as a guide through the submental tunnel might risk damaging the submental soft tissue. Our technique reduces this risk and allows for passage of the 2 tubes through the same tunnel.

Submental intubation requires a learning curve for the plastic surgeon. For this reason, we cannot directly compare the outcomes reported herein with those derived from other institutions and plastic surgeons. Notably, 5 different plastic surgeons used our refined technique in the current study, and, in all cases, only a few minutes were required to achieve submental intubation.
CONCLUSION

Submental intubation requires superior technical skills, particularly when passing the endotracheal and cuff-inflation tubes from the oral cavity to the submental area. Our refined technique reduces the likelihood of complications associated with submental intubation. As well as being safe, it is simpler, easier, and faster than other techniques, it does not require any specialized equipment, and it is not costly. Submental scarring associated with the technique is lower than that associated with other techniques.
REFERENCES
1. Caubi AF, Vasconcelos BC, Vasconcellos RJ, et al. Submental intubation in oral maxillofacial surgery. Review of the literature and analysis of 13 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008; 13:197–200.

Cited Here
2. Straetmans J, Schlöndorff G, Herzhoff G, et al. Complications of midline-open tracheotomy in adults. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:84–92.

Cited Here |
PubMed
3. Halum SL, Ting JY, Plowman EK, et al. A multi-institutional analysis of tracheotomy complications. Laryngoscope 2012; 122:38–45.

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Keywords:

Intubation; nasal; panfacial fracture; submental; tracheotomy
Supplemental Digital Content
SCS_2018_07_17_OSHIMA_01519_SDC1.mp4; [Video] (9.26 MB)© 2018 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.