The carpel is the definitive structure of angiosperms, the origin of carpel is of great significance to the phylogenetic origin of angiosperms. Traditional view was that angiosperm carpels were derived from structures similar to macrosporophylls of pteridosperms or Bennettitales, which bear ovules on the surfaces of foliar organs. In contrast, other views indicate that carpels are originated from the foliar appendage enclosing the ovule-bearing axis. One of the key differences between these two conflicting...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
The Red Queen hypothesis depicts evolution as the continual struggle to adapt. According to this hypothesis, new genes, especially those originating from non-genic sequences (i.e., de novo genes), are eliminated unless they evolve continually in adaptation to a changing environment. Here, we analyze two Drosophila de novo miRNAs that are expressed in a testis-specific manner with very high rates of evolution in their DNA sequence. We knocked out these miRNAs in two sibling species and investigated...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Mimetic systems allow us to address the question of whether the same genes control similar phenotypes in different species. Although widespread parallels have been found for major effect loci, much less is known about genes that control quantitative trait variation. In this study, we identify and compare the loci that control subtle changes in the size and shape of forewing pattern elements in two Heliconius butterfly co-mimics. We use quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis with a multivariate phenotyping...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
We present DILS, a deployable statistical analysis platform for conducting demographic inferences with linked selection from population genomic data using an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework. DILS takes as input single-population or two-population datasets and performs three types of analyses in a hierarchical manner, identifying: 1) the best demographic model to study the importance of gene flow and population size change on the genetic patterns of polymorphism and divergence, 2) the best...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
We use a lottery analogy to show how sexual reproduction is advantageous in populations that contain abundant genetic variation. Since it has been shown that most eukaryotic species are genetically polymorphic, our model can explain the ubiquity of sex among such species. The model also indicates that classic population genetics theory is applicable to ecological studies of natural selection acting on standing genetic variation.
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Members of Solanum sect. Lycopersicum are commonly used as a source of exotic germplasm for improvement of the cultivated tomato, and are increasingly employed in basic research. Although it experienced significant early and ongoing work, the taxonomic status of many wild species in this section has undergone a number of significant revisions, and remains uncertain. Here, we examine the taxonomic status of obligately outcrossing Chilean wild tomato (Solanum chilense) using reduced-representation...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
A hospital outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales was detected by routine surveillance. Whole genome sequencing and subsequent analysis revealed a conserved promiscuous OXA-48 carrying plasmid as the defining factor within this outbreak. Four different species of Enterobacteriales were involved in the outbreak. Escherichia coli ST399 accounted for 20/55 of all the isolates. Comparative genomics with publicly available E. coli ST399 sequence data showed that the outbreak isolates formed...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Paleogenetics is a relatively new and promising field that has the potential to provide new information about past Indigenous social systems, including insights into the complexity of burial practices. We present results of the first ancient DNA (aDNA) investigation into traditional mortuary practices among Australian Aboriginal people with a focus on North-East Australia. We recovered mitochondrial and Y chromosome sequences from five ancestral Aboriginal Australian remains that were excavated from...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
The rate of divergence for Z or X chromosomes is theoretically predicted to be greater than autosomes, but the possible explanations for this pattern vary, as do empirical results from diverse taxa. Even among moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera), which generally share a single-origin Z chromosome, the handful of available studies give mixed support for faster or more adaptive evolution of the Z chromosome, depending on the species assayed. Here, we examine the molecular evolution of Z chromosomes...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Local adaptation can drive diversification of closely related species across environmental gradients and promote convergence of distantly related taxa that experience similar conditions. We examined a potential case of adaptation to novel visual environments in a species flock (Great Lakes salmonids, genus Coregonus) using a new amplicon genotyping protocol on the Oxford Nanopore Flongle. Five visual opsin genes were amplified for individuals of C. artedi, C. hoyi, C. kiyi, and C. zenithicus. Comparisons...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) add an enormous amount of sophistication to biological systems but their origins are largely unexplored. Citrullination, a key regulatory mechanism in human physiology and pathophysiology, is particularly enigmatic in an evolutionary context. The citrullinating enzymes peptidylarginine deiminases (PADIs or PADs) are ubiquitous across vertebrates but absent from yeast, worms and flies. Here, we map the surprising evolutionary trajectory of PADIs into...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Cranial sutures are growth and stress diffusion sites that connect the bones protecting the brain. The closure of cranial suture is a key feature of mammalian late development and evolution, which can also lead to head malformations when it occurs prematurely (craniosynostosis). To unveil the phenotypic and genetic causes of suture closure in evolution, we examined 48 mammalian species searching for (i) causal links between suture patency, brain size, and diet using phylogenetic path analysis; and...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Population divergence and gene flow are key processes in evolution and ecology. Model-based analysis of genome-wide datasets allows discrimination between alternative scenarios for these processes even in non-model taxa. We used two complementary approaches (one based on the blockwise site frequency spectrum (bSFS), the second on the Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (PSMC)) to infer the divergence history of a fig wasp, Pleistodontes nigriventris. Pleistodontes nigriventris and its fig...
Sun Jun 14, 2020 03:00
Epistasis between mutations can make adaptation contingent on evolutionary history. Yet despite widespread "microscopic" epistasis between the mutations involved, microbial evolution experiments show consistent patterns of fitness increases during laboratory adaptation. Recent work has found that this consistency is driven in part by global patterns of diminishing-returns and increasing-costs epistasis, which make mutations systematically less beneficial (or more deleterious) on more-fit genetic...
Sun Jun 14, 2020 03:00
Revealing the mechanisms underlying the breath-taking morphological diversity observed in nature is a major challenge in Biology. It has been established that recurrent mutations in hotspot genes cause the repeated evolution of rather simple morphological traits, such as body pigmentation or the gain and loss of structures. To date, however, it remains elusive whether hotspot genes contribute to natural variation in complex morphological traits, such as the size and shape of organs. Since natural...
Sun Jun 14, 2020 03:00
Gear to keep on truckin'. (Mark Fuller via Unsplash/)What we keep in our vehicles is a personal choice, certainly. Maybe you keep some cash, a few emergency maps, and a multitool. Maybe you don’t even have a window scraper when winter hits. But every truck owner should have these items. They’ll get you out of most of your jams, and may even help a friend or stranger out of their tough spot.Long-lasting high-carbon steel. (Amazon/)We could spend a few pages listing the reasons why you should have...
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Keep it cool in any room. (Drew Coffman via Unsplash/)Summertime is here, and for many people that means dusting off an old air conditioner, shoving it into the window, and praying it doesn’t fall out. If you’re in the market for a new AC, consider a floor unit for keeping the temperature low in your home. They’re portable between rooms and generally stronger than window units. And while they take up a tiny bit of floor space, they are painless to set up. Floor air conditioners are especially useful...
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The FDA had previously granted emergency approval of two malaria drugs to treat COVID-19. On Monday it revoked that approval. (Pixabay/)Follow all of PopSci’s COVID-19 coverage here, including news on federal policies, how to avoid spreading illness while participating in protests, and a state-by-state breakdown of confirmed cases.States around the United States are in various stages of reopening their economies, but the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is far from over. Here is some of this week’s most crucial...
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Be smarter about your health. (i yunmai via Unsplash/)Being concerned purely with weight is, well, old-fashioned, as a “normal” weight is only one flawed facet of a healthy body. Modern smart scales can paint a more complex picture of your body composition, helping you gain control of your health in a more holistic and productive way. For example, weight gain is a positive thing when trying to build muscle mass, so a scale that measures body fat and muscle mass separately will tell you if you’re...
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The most important piece of running gear. (Brian Metzler via Unsplash/)In case you are wondering, all running shoes aren’t created equal. And trail running shoes aren’t necessarily the same as shoes for running on pavement. You need to think about durability, sole traction, breathability and other factors. Fortunately, we can break some of that down for you.Glide on clouds. (Amazon/)The HOKA brand is known for thick soles, and this one is no different. But the shoe is also carefully built for trails....
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Planning to hit the road and bunking at a hotel or Airbnb while you travel? You'll want to take certain precautions. (Daniel von Appen/Unsplash/)Elizabeth Marder is an instructor in the Department of Environmental Toxicology at the University of California, Davis. Paloma Beamer is an associate professor of Environmental Health Sciences at the University of Arizona. This story originally featured on The Conversation.After nearly three months of quarantine, millions of Americans are ready to travel—an...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 23:00
Good doggo! (Jamie Street via Unsplash/)Simply buying a pup from a good lineage will not mean you have the perfect pup or hunting buddy. You have to put in the time. Fortunately, you don’t necessarily need much to get you from bouncy puppy to sleek hunter.The best for your best friend. (Amazon/)These natural dog treats are a perfect choice for training your pup in the field. At three calories each, they won’t stuff your dog but will provide plenty of positive reinforcement. Chicken, duck, salmon...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 21:33
Weights to carry around with you. (Alora Griffiths via Unsplash/)The history of the kettlebell stretches all the way back to 18th-century Russia, where large round metal balls called girya were used to counterbalance crops to determine their weight. They were later adopted by circus strongmen as a means of proving their merit before eventually being adopted into weight lifting training, as well as other cardiovascular and flexibility training.If you’re looking to add kettlebell training to your daily...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 21:28
These are all part of a cancer-preventing diet (Wendy Wei/Pexels/)Cancer is second only to heart disease in the number of people it kills annually in the US. For Hispanic and Asian Americans, and those under 80, it’s the leading cause of death. Millions of dollars, both public and private, get spent every year in a search for new cancer treatments, but since the 1980s there’s also been a focus on how to prevent cancer cases in the first place. The American Cancer Society just updated its recommendations...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 21:00
Knives are invaluable tools in the outdoors, so it's important you know all the ways to use them. (Markus Spiske/Unsplash/)This story was originally featured on Outdoor Life.Anyone who spends time in the woods owns a survival or everyday carry knife (if you don’t, you should). But it’s likely you are not using the blade on your hip to its full potential. Knives can do more than cut, and when you’re in an emergency situation, there are several different ways to use a blade that can save your life.1....
Mon Jun 15, 2020 19:00
The Hemp Headphones use the familiar Grado design. (Grado/)Brooklyn-based headphone maker Grado is no stranger to replacing plastic or metal with wood in its high-end products. The company’s high-end Reference Series headphones employ mahogany ear cups that have earned a reputation for warm, responsive sound. For its latest limited-edition headphones, Grado has opted for hemp. And while it offers the marketing department plenty of opportunity for marijuana puns, the material actually offers some...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 17:07
To create targeted programs to treat specific health issues, healthcare practitioners need proper demographic information about the population they are seeking to target. (Unsplash/)Without a doubt, racism is a public health issue. As such, tackling it requires support at every government level. Enacting change in this way also requires collecting and evaluating data. But failing to collect that needed information has been a cornerstone of American institutional racism.“The way that we measure health...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 16:46
The Sgs1 helicase and Top3-Rmi1 decatenase form a complex that affects homologous recombination outcomes during the mitotic cell cycle and during meiosis. Previous studies have reported that Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 function is regulated by SUMOylation that is catalyzed by the Smc5-Smc6-Mms21 complex. These studies used strains in which SGS1 was C-terminally tagged with three or six copies of a human influenza hemagglutinin-derived epitope tag (3HA and 6HA). They identified SGS1 mutants that affect its SUMOylation,...
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High density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays allow large numbers of individuals to be rapidly and cost-effectively genotyped at large numbers of genetic markers. However, despite being widely used in studies of humans and domesticated plants and animals, SNP arrays are lacking for most wild organisms. We developed a custom 85K Affymetrix Axiom array for an intensively studied pinniped, the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella). SNPs were discovered from a combination of genomic and...
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Oncogenesis, Published online: 15 June 2020; doi:10.1038/s41389-020-00244-4USP42 enhances homologous recombination repair by promoting R-loop resolution with a DNA–RNA helicase DHX9
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Many health care providers recall an airline flight where a page overhead asked, “Is there a doctor on board?” and have responded only to find that all the tools needed for successful treatment were not readily available. The subject of in-flight allergic emergencies has not received the attention it warrants. There is a need to provide appropriate and fundamental measures to prevent and manage these emergencies for the passengers at risk, potential health care providers, fellow passengers and airline...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Burnout can hit like a hammer, but more often builds gradually. It is a condition with various definitions, but perhaps the best is “an erosion of the soul caused by a deterioration of one’s values, dignity, and spirit.” (1, 2) Three classic features of burnout are exhaustion, lack of personal accomplishment, and depersonalization.(1, 3) Overall, burnout is not infrequent among US physicians, with estimated rates between 45%-54%.(1) A recent American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI)...
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
Eosinophils in induced sputum are not only a useful biomarker for diagnosing asthma, but are also associated with severe asthma. However, little is known about the association between eosinophils in spontaneous sputum and asthma severity.
Mon Jun 15, 2020 03:00
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is one of the most important primary immune deficiency diseases. It is caused by mutation in the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene (Xq21.3-Xq22). Approximately two-thirds of the patients have familiar mutation; in one-third, a new mutation can be found. It is very important that despite some general common symptoms of XLA, the genotype-phenotype correlation in XLA is weak in siblings with X-linked agammaglobulinemia.1The Btk protein that is encoded by the Btk gene...
Sun Jun 14, 2020 03:00
British Journal of Cancer, Published online: 16 June 2020; doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0927-2The myth of pulmonary metastasectomy
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British Journal of Cancer, Published online: 16 June 2020; doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0934-3Cetuximab-induced natural killer cell cytotoxicity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines: investigation of the role of cetuximab sensitivity and HPV status
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British Journal of Cancer, Published online: 16 June 2020; doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0939-yAcid-suppressive medications and risk of colorectal cancer: results from three large prospective cohort studies
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British Journal of Cancer, Published online: 16 June 2020; doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0918-3Deciphering the response and resistance to immune-checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer with artificial intelligence-based analysis: when PIONeeR meets QUANTIC
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