Advances in Endocrine-Based Therapies for Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Abstract Approximately 70% of breast cancers are estrogen-receptor positive. Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors have been the mainstay of endocrine therapy and have improved breast cancer survival. However, a large number of patients experience disease recurrence either during or following completion of endocrine therapy. Recent improvements in our understanding of the various mechanisms underlying the development of endocrine resistance have led to a dramatic change in the landscape of current endocrine treatment with the introduction of new drugs targeting molecular pathways involved in endocrine resistance. Over the past years we have witnessed the use of combination endocrine therapy with mammalian target of rapamycin antagonists, whilst most recently the introduction of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors has significantly improved response to endocrine therapy. Whilst not a formal systematic review, this article will provide historical background and summarise key clinical trials and current strategies in both first-line and second-line endocrine therapy.

Correction to: Polatuzumab Vedotin: First Global Approval The article Polatuzumab Vedotin: First Global Approval, written by Emma D. Deeks, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 79, issue 13, pages 1467–1475 Roche/GCC requested that the article be Open Choice to make the article an open access publication. Post-publication open access was funded by Roche/GCC. The article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial.

Stiripentol: A Review in Dravet Syndrome Abstract Stiripentol (Diacomit®) is an orally-active, structurally unique anti-epileptic drug (AED) with multiple potential mechanisms of action, including enhancement of central γ-aminobutyric acid transmission. In the EU, stiripentol is indicated for use in conjunction with clobazam and valproate as adjunctive therapy of refractory generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients with Dravet syndrome (DS; previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy), whose seizures are not adequately controlled with clobazam and valproate. This approval (and similar DS indications in the USA, Canada and Japan), reflect the results of the STICLO studies, two small, randomized controlled trials in which stiripentol as adjunctive therapy was associated with a markedly superior response rate after 2 months compared with placebo in patients aged between 3 and ≈ 21 years with DS that was inadequately controlled with clobazam and valproate. These short-term results have subsequently been supported and extended by findings from longer-term, open-label, observational studies, including a retrospective longitudinal cohort study, which showed that the efficacy of combining stiripentol with clobazam and valproate when started at paediatric age was maintained in mid-adulthood with up to 24 years of exposure, and up to 40 years of age. Drowsiness, appetite loss, weight loss, ataxia and tremor are the most common adverse events associated with the addition of stiripentol to clobazam and valproate. Based on the available evidence, stiripentol, as an adjunct to clobazam and valproate, is a demonstrably beneficial and generally well-tolerated second-line treatment for patients with DS.

Darolutamide: First Approval Abstract Darolutamide (NUBEQA™) is a structurally distinct non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonist being developed by Orion and Bayer as a treatment for prostate cancer. Based on positive results in the phase III ARAMIS trial, darolutamide was recently approved in the USA for the treatment of men with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of darolutamide leading to this first approval.

Fixed and Low-Dose Combinations of Blood Pressure-Lowering Agents: For the Many or the Few? Abstract Despite the widespread availability of several effective classes of drugs, systemic arterial hypertension remains poorly controlled in the majority of patients worldwide. In this article, we discuss the different modalities and effects of combination therapy and possible future research questions. Treatment with a single antihypertensive agent can effectively reduce blood pressure in only a limited number of patients, while most require therapy with two or more agents to achieve target levels. As initial therapy, American and European guidelines suggest a combination of two antihypertensive drugs and the use of a third antihypertensive drug when hypertension is still uncontrolled. Initial combination therapy is recommended in high-risk patients for an immediate blood pressure response, improved tolerability and possibly increased patient adherence. In addition to the potential benefits of combining different drug classes with synergistic pharmacological and physiological actions, this approach is useful for increasing the patient compliance with treatment, in particular if provided at fixed doses in a single pill. The minimisation of side effects is critical for the long-term treatment of a largely asymptomatic condition such as systemic hypertension. Low-dose combinations of different drugs from classes with complementary actions may provide the best ratio of lower side effects and improved tolerability with a significant blood pressure reduction, particularly in high-risk patients. This approach could be aided by a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention on risk factors.

Pexidartinib: First Approval Abstract Pexidartinib (TURALIO™) is an orally administered small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with selective activity against the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) receptor, KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 harboring an internal tandem duplication mutation (FLT3-ITD). In August 2019, the US FDA approved pexidartinib capsules for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) associated with severe morbidity or functional limitations and not amenable to improvement with surgery. This approval was based on positive results from the phase III ENLIVEN trial. Pexidartinib is being investigated in various malignancies as monotherapy or combination therapy. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of pexidartinib leading to its first approval for TGCT.

Immunotherapy Against Gliomas: is the Breakthrough Near? Abstract Immunotherapeutic approaches have been, and continue to be, aggressively investigated in the treatment of infiltrating gliomas. While the results of late-phase clinical studies have been disappointing in this disease space thus far, the success of immunotherapies in other malignancies as well as the incremental gains in our understanding of immune-tumour interactions in gliomas has fuelled a strong continued interest of their evaluation in these tumours. We discuss a range of immunotherapeutic approaches including, but not limited to, vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, and gene therapies. Potential biomarkers under investigation to help elucidate which patients may respond or not respond to immunotherapeutic regimens are reviewed. Directions for future investigations are also noted.

As-needed ICS-LABA in Mild Asthma: What Does the Evidence Say? Abstract For the last three decades, the guidelines for asthma management have supported a stepwise therapeutic approach, based on the administration of controller medications (especially inhaled corticosteroids) complemented by on-demand use of rescue medication. Classically, the rescue medication recommended comprised short-acting β agonists (SABA). Some years ago, the use of Symbicort Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (SMART) demonstrated the benefits of a combination of budesonide-formoterol, an inhaled corticosteroid, and a long-acting β agonist (ICS-LABA) as rescue medication in moderate and severe asthma. The results were enthusiastically received, and this therapeutic option was adopted in the guidelines for moderate to severe asthma patients. Recently, four trials (two randomised placebo control trials under the auspices of the SYGMA project and two real-life studies, Novel START, and the PRACTICAL trial) have explored the potential benefits of substituting SABA with budesonide-formoterol as rescue medication in mild asthma patients. The SYGMA 1 and 2 studies showed that the combination with formoterol-budesonide as rescue medication provides better asthma control than short-acting β-agonists alone in GINA step 2 patients, although the superiority was slight. Compared to budesonide maintenance therapy, the fixed combination of ICS-LABA on demand provides poorer asthma control. Regarding exacerbations, the fixed dose ICS-LABA combination on demand showed the same benefits for the prevention of exacerbations as chronic ICS treatment in mild asthma patients. The Novel START study, which assessed a population with milder symptoms, concluded that the fixed dose ICS-LABA combination used as needed was superior to SABA (albuterol) as needed for the prevention of asthma exacerbations. These results in fact show that, in undertreated GINA step 2 with only SABA as needed, ICS-LABA is more effective than SABA. The authors of PRACTICAL concluded that the study provided modest evidence that the ICS-LABA combination used as-needed for symptom relief reduces the rate of severe exacerbations compared with maintenance low-dose budesonide plus terbutaline as needed, although the study was not limited to mild asthma since according to the treatment consumed, it was evident that they had recruited some moderate asthma patients. Despite this poor evidence, and ignoring the clinical histological benefits of chronic inhaled corticosteroids (especially when administered promptly), GINA 2019 recently recommended daily low dose ICS or ICS-ICS as needed as a first option for step 2 patients. For step 1, symptom-driven or as-needed treatment with ICS-LABA is recommended rather than SABA alone (the preferred option until the last GINA update). Finally, the SIENA study showed that 73% of patients with mild asthma do not have an eosinophilic phenotype and that these patients have a similar clinical response to ICS (mometasone) and antimuscarinic drugs (tiotropium), results that challenge the indication of a drug combination that incorporates ICS as a first option. Overall, we believe there is insufficient evidence for the systematic recommendation of as-needed ICS-LABA instead of SABA on request for GINA step 1 or as a replacement for chronic ICS in GINA step 2.

Pretomanid: First Approval Abstract Pretomanid, an oral nitroimidazooxazine antimycobacterial agent administered as part of the BPaL (bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid) and BPaMZ (bedaquiline, pretomanid, moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide) regimens, has been developed by the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance) under license from Novartis, for the treatment for tuberculosis (TB). TB Alliance has licensed Mylan to manufacture and commercialize pretomanid for use as part of the BPaMZ and BPaL regimens. The license is non-exclusive in low- and middle-income countries and exclusive in high-income markets. Pretomanid, as part of the BPaL regimen, was recently approved in the USA under the Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial and Antifungal Drugs (LPAD) pathway for the treatment of adults with pulmonary extensively drug-resistant (XDR) or treatment-intolerant or non-responsive multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. Pretomanid is also under regulatory review in the EU. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of pretomanid leading to this first regulatory approval.

Correction to: Trifluridine/Tipiracil: A Review in Metastatic Gastric Cancer The article Trifluridine/Tipiracil: A Review in Metastatic Gastric Cancer, written by Connie Kang, Sohita Dhillon and Emma D. Deeks, was originally published Online First without open access