Patient safety , RB Nerli, Shridhar C Ghagane Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):187-188

Gene therapy for childhood neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders: An update Prateek Kumar Panda Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):189-195 The central nervous system is a rather complex site for gene therapy as it contains neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and they have discrete and intricate interconnections between them, establishing a delicate balance. However, with significant advances in scientific technology and development of new viral vectors, now, gene therapy has a greater promise for pediatric neurological disorders, especially for certain neurodegenerative diseases, which still remains to be invincible by other pharmacological modalities. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is the predominant vector used for gene therapy currently. Gene editing therapy using antisense oligonucleotides has been successfully implemented in neuromuscular diseases such as dystrophinopathy and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Recently, an AAV-mediated gene therapy is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for SMA, and it is considered to be the most expensive drug in the world. Gene therapy for dystrophinopathy has also been safely tried in two clinical studies, although its efficacy is yet to be demonstrated. In Xlinked adrenoleukodystrophy, late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy, late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and Canavan disease results of human trials are very much promising. Ongoing clinical trials in several lysosomal storage disorders such as mucopolysaccharidosis type III, Fabry disease, and Pompeii disease are currently active. In mouse models, several other neurodevelopmental disorders have also been tested successfully for gene therapy.

Pediatric airway diseases Santosh Kumar Swain, Jasashree Choudhury Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):196-201 The diseases of the pediatric airway is often challenging to the clinician. It needs a dedicated team of clinicians for evaluation and treatment. Obstructing lesions of the pediatric airway due to congenital or acquired causes often create fatal situations. Majority of the pediatric airway lesions are due to prolonged intubation or tracheostomy and prematurity. Management of the pediatric airway lesions often complicated with additional congenital malformations or severe comorbidities. It is often important for the pediatrician to understand the different pediatric airway lesions and its issues relevant to the airway management of the pediatric patients. This review article will give an overview of commonly encountered airway problems in children and its management.

Bio-medical waste disposal in India: From paper to practice, what has been effected S Ramesh Kumar, N Venkata Abinaya, Alaga Venkatesan, Mohan Natrajan Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):202-210 Bio-medical waste (BMW) disposal is a very important but challenging task. Health-care waste contains potentially harmful microorganisms, which can infect hospital patients, health workers, and the general public. Exposure to hazardous health-care waste can result in disease or injury. The Government of India has been laying down rules, namely, Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, in 1998, The draft of Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling Rules 2011,), and recently Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. Evidence from different parts of India show that the knowledge on BMW disposal among health-care personnel is low, and the practice of the same is not satisfactory. Strict implementation of the rules laid down is necessary and is the need of the hour.

Multiple renal arteries in kidney transplantation Rajendra B Nerli, K Shankar, Shridhar C Ghagane, Neeraj S Dixit Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):211-214 Kidney transplantation has become the preferred renal replacement therapy for patients suffering from end-stage renal disease. Today, the results of kidney transplantation have improved enormously due to advances in organ harvesting, organ preservation, surgical techniques, and last but not least immunosuppressive regimens. Renal transplantation is more cost-effective than hemodialysis and provides better quality of life. The success story of transplantation has led to significant demand for organs, which is not met by the current supply of donors be it living or deceased. Besides augmentation of the number of living kidney donation, the lack of organs is partially compensated by extended donor criteria including multiple renal arteries. This article reviews the techniques and pitfalls of arterial reconstruction during renal transplantation.

Age-appropriate feeding practices of mothers and nutritional status of infants in an urban community in Kano State, North West Nigeria Umma Abdulsalam Ibrahim, Amole Taiwo Gboluwaga, Zubairu Iliyasu, Mahmud Gambo Jahun Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):215-222 BACKGROUND: Age-appropriate infant feeding practice, a major determinant of child growth, development, and survival, remains suboptimal in many developing countries. OBJECTIVES: This study determined the mother's nutritional knowledge, infant feeding practices, nutritional status of their infant, and factors associated with infant feeding practice in an urban community in Kano State. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected communities in Kano Municipal, one of the urban local government areas in Kano State. Using mixed method of data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 440 mothers and their infants, and three focus group discussions (FGDs) with ten participants in each group were conducted for mothers of infants. Anthropometric indices were used to determine the children's nutritional status. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistical software (version 21), while thematic analysis was used to summarize data from the FGDs. RESULTS: Majority of the mothers (87.5%) had adequate knowledge of infant feeding practices. Few (16.8%) of the mothers breastfed exclusively, and many (82.5%) of the mothers introduced complementary foods to their infants before 6 months of age. The prevalence of wasting and stunting among infants was 38.9% and 36.4%, respectively. Educational status and antenatal care were associated with good infant feeding practices. CONCLUSION: Although majority of the caregivers had adequate knowledge of infant feeding, it was not translated to good practice, and thus, nutritional status was poor. Mothers with secondary /tertiary level of education were two times more likely to have good infant feeding practice while mothers that had ANC are four times more likely to have good infant feeding practices Efforts should be made to improve girl child education and develop sustainable strategies to improve feeding practices and nutritional status of children.

Derivation of a new formula for the estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Ravish Huchegowda, Rajani Kumawat, Binita Goswami, Pramod Lali, Srinivas H Gowda Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):223-227 BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) is a well-known surrogate marker to assess the cardiovascular health and risk of atherosclerosis. Due to the feasibility of calculating the LDLc from the estimated values of other subfractions of cholesterol, it has been commonly applied in resource-limited settings. However, calculated LDLc presents with a significant bias, probably due to the lack of relevance of equation in the local population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 samples were assessed for serum lipid profile by automated method. Parallelly, based on the values of subfractions of cholesterol obtained, an equation was derived using polynomial multiregression analysis. We also tested the ability other published equations to accurately predict the LDLc value. RESULTS: We found the best fit equation as LDLcal= (0.88 × total cholesterol) − (0.02 × triglycerides) − (0.03 × high-density lipoprotein) − 37.48. The equation performed better than most other published equations, including Friedewald's equation. It was also noted that Chen's equation had the best prediction and Ahmidi's equation performed the poorest. CONCLUSION: This study highlights a significant need for improved formulas to estimate serum LDLc based on other cholesterol parameters.

Moisture, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, and zinc content in finger, foxtail, pearl, and proso millets KN Shankaramurthy, Manjunath S Somannavar Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):228-232 BACKGROUND: Millets are a group of variable small seeded grass, widely grown around the world as cereals crop. The finger millet had more moisture and calcium content. Whereas, fat content was least when compared to three other different millets. Foxtail millets had more protein content, pearl millets had more zinc and proso millets had more carbohydrate and fat content. AIM: To determine the proximate constituent and micronutrient content of finger millet, foxtail millet, pearl millet and proso millet. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the moisture, carbohydrate, fat, and protein content of finger millet, foxtail millet, pearl millet, proso millet by standard methods of AOAC. To analyse the calcium and zinc content of finger millet, foxtail millet, pearl millet, proso millet by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proximate analysis of samples (moisture content, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium and zinc) was performed by standard methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mean values of finger millet for moisture content (12.86 ± 0.95) had highest and fat content (1.58 ± 0.36) was least. In foxtail millet protein content (12.94 ± 0.87) was highest and in pearl millet zinc content (3.29 ± 0.47) was highest. In proso millet fat content (12.80 ± 0.30) and carbohydrate content 75.06 ± 7.3) was highest when compared to the other millet. Calcium (344.45 ± 2.62) had highest in finger millet whereas pearl millet zinc content (3.29 ± 0.47) was highest when compared to the other millets. Hence, the study results can be useful for informing the people to select the different millets depending upon the nutritional needs.

Comparative evaluation of retention and antibacterial efficacy of Compomer and Glass Hybrid Bulk Fill restorative material as a conservative adhesive restoration in children with mixed dentition: An in vivo study Madhura V Mundada, Shivayogi M Hugar, Seema Hallikerimath, Chandrashekhar M Badkar, Rucha Davalbhakta, Sanjana P Soneta Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):233-236 AIM: The aim of the study is to compare and evaluate the retention and antibacterial efficacy of Compomer and Glass Hybrid Bulk Fill restorative material as a conservative adhesive restoration in children with mixed dentition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty children of age 6–12 years with mixed dentition were selected and divided into Group I – Compomer and Group II – Glass Hybrid Bulk Fill. After thorough oral prophylaxis and baseline collection of saliva, restorative treatment was carried out using the two materials. Retention of the material and salivary Streptococcus mutans count (CFU/ml of saliva) was estimated at 1 month and 3 months after restorative procedure. RESULTS: The retention rate with Glass Hybrid Bulk Fill group and Compomer group was 100%. Statistical significant reduction in salivary S. mutans colony count was seen with both the groups at both different time intervals. Maximum reduction was noted in Glass Hybrid Bulk Fill group at 3-month intervals, and gradual reduction was seen with Compomer group. CONCLUSION: Both the materials, Glass Hybrid Bulk Fill restorative material and Compomer, showed good retention. Moreover, both the materials have shown good antimicrobial activity after 3-month follow-up.

A cross-sectional study to investigate the association between excessive smartphone use and sleep disturbances among adolescents, studying at KLE Society's Raja Lakhamagouda Science Institute, Belagavi, Karnataka, India, with a view to develop an information booklet Sabiyah Youssouf, Sumitra L Aribenchi, Gavi Salimath Indian Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research (KLEU) 2019 12(3):237-241 BACKGROUND: We are in the second decade of the 21st century and technology has enveloped us in such a way that it is the technological gadgets that help us to open our eyes in the morning (i.e., alarm on a smartphone or an alarm clock), and it is the same technological devices that accompany us to our bed and remain there till we close our eyes at the night. The most important and multifunctional gift that the technology has provided us is the “Smartphone,” that has impacted our lives negatively. Smartphone addiction is a new kind of health disorder that is increasing the risk of severe health problems including sleep disturbances among adolescents. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present study was to find out the association between excessive smartphone use and sleep disturbances among adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 adolescents, who were selected by nonprobability purposive sampling technique. Standardized Smartphone Addiction Scale Short-Version and Pittsburgh's Sleep Quality Index were used to assess the smartphone addiction and sleep disturbances among the participants, respectively. The correlation between smartphone addiction and sleep disturbances was found by Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that majority of the participants (99 [66%]) had high smartphone addiction and minority of them (51 [34%]) had low smartphone addiction. Out of 150 participants, 80 (53.33%) showed high sleep disturbances, whereas 70 (46.67%) showed low sleep disturbances. The study findings showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.8921) between excessive smartphone use and sleep disturbances among adolescents. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that excessive smartphone use affects both the sleep quality and sleep quantity of adolescents; moreover increased smartphone addiction leads to increased sleep disturbances among them.