A caring framework for teaching to care Vinitha Ravindran Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):1-2

Teaching angels to fly Prashanth Padmini Venugopal Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):3-6 This article is concerned with the influence teachers of nursing have on the students. In particular, it talks about the concept of conventional discipline and the perception of nursing students regarding the type of disciplining. The article also focuses on identifying what causes misbehaviour in students and how to tackle various levels of indiscipline among nursing students. The aim of this article is to bring together and summarise the current student–teacher paradigm and how it needs to be changed using a selection of techniques that have been highly successful globally in improving student performance and resulting in a better outcome.

Translational research Jemimah Jayakumar, Rogina JS Savarimuthu Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):7-10 Translational research (TR) aids in transforming research findings into practical actions. TR starts from observations and experiences of patterns and relationships in a researchers' world, which creates research questions. The research question is answered in stages of research starting from the laboratory to testing in clinical trials and then moving onto checking efficacy in patients and communities. Nurses utilising TR can improve quality of nursing care. The phases and stages of TR are discussed in this paper.

Care of patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis Blessing Reena Dason Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):11-17 Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis formerly known as Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a multisystemic rare autoimmune disorder which results in restriction of blood flow to the vital organs, particularly the respiratory tract. CSS occurs in patients with a history of asthma or allergy. It has complex pathophysiology involving genetic factors, extrinsic agents and different cell types such as T-cells, oesinophils, B-cells, resident cells and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Treatment mainly involves the administration of corticosteroids. Better knowledge about the disease condition and its treatment will assist nurses to educate the patients regarding the illness and prevention of further complication by adapting a healthy lifestyle such as regular exercise, Vitamin D supplement, diet control, smoking cessation and regular follow-up.

Edwards' syndrome: A case study Cecilia Katasi Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):18-21 Edwards' syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a rare genetic disorder caused by the presence of extra 18th chromosome. Most babies with this condition die before or shortly after being born. Some children with this disorder rarely may survive beyond 1 year or into adulthood. Their growth and development is severely hampered. They have severe mental and life-threatening physical disabilities. A child with trisomy 18 is usually born with low birth weight, associated with heart defects and other abnormalities such as micrognathia, clenched fist with overlapping fingers, short sternum and club foot. There is no definitive treatment for babies with Edwards' syndrome. It is very challenging and difficult for parents to take care of a child with trisomy 18, so it is important for parents to get support from healthcare providers to provide the best quality of life for the child.

Risk factors and knowledge of osteoporosis in rural pre-menopausal women Anmery Varghese, Rajeswari Siva, Thomas V Paul, Kurusilappattu G Selvaraj Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):22-27 Osteoporosis is one of the major qualities of life-threatening diseases affecting women. It affects one in three women over 50 years of age. The aim of the study was to assess the risk factors and knowledge of osteoporosis among pre-menopausal women in selected rural population in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used to assess the risk factors and knowledge of osteoporosis. A total of 110 samples between 40 and 50 years of age were selected using convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool® by World Health Organisation, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Food Frequency Questionnaire, 24 h dietary recall and modified Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool. The mean age of the women in the study was 43.96 years. Majority (98.18%) of the women had high level of physical activity. The mean intake of calorie and calcium were 1630.81 kcal/day and 310 mg/day, respectively. Majority (86.36%) of the women had low calorie intake, and all the women (100%) had inadequate calcium intake. Most (92.73%) of the women had 1%–2% of 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture risk and 105 (95.45%) had <0.5% of 10-year probability of major hip fracture risk. Poor level of knowledge was found among (30.91%), 49.09% had fair knowledge, 17.27% had good knowledge and only 2.73% had very good knowledge regarding osteoporosis. There was a significant association between knowledge of women regarding osteoporosis and their education (P < 0.01) and monthly family income (P < 0.01). There was a significant association of 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture risk with calcium supplements (P < 0.01). There was a significant association of 10-year probability of hip fracture risk with occupation (P < 0.01). The findings of the study suggest that there is a need to educate women regarding prevention of osteoporosis. Public health strategies should be aimed at improving the calcium intake of women in this age group and to make appreciable lifestyle changes such as reduction in sedentary lifestyle and increased physical activity.

Effect of a Risk Reduction Intervention Strategy on Caregiver's Knowledge, Attitude and Practice related to Fall Prevention Imnainla Walling, Rajeswari Siva, Shandrila G Immanuel, Vinod J Abraham, Mahasampath Gowri, Christy Simpson Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):28-32 Falls are the main cause of morbidity and disability in the older adults. The risk doubles or triples in the presence of history of previous falls. This study aimed to assess the frequency of falls and associated risk factors in older adults and the effect of a risk reduction intervention strategy on knowledge, attitude and practice related to falls prevention among the caregivers of older adults. One group pre-–post-test study design was used. A total of 60 older adults and 60 caregivers were selected using simple random sampling method. Data were collected using the fall assessment questionnaire for frequency of falls among older adults. Majority, i.e., 42 (70%) of the older adults had no fall and 18 (30%) of the older adults had falls during the last 5 years. The overall mean score of pre-test knowledge of the caregiver was 14.08 and the post-test was 37.90, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean score of pre-test practice was 9.45 whereas the post-test was 17.53, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). In the current study, 40 (66.7%) caregivers had favourable attitude at both before and after intervention. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the overall mean of existence of short-term modifiable risk factors before and after the risk reduction intervention strategy.

Knowledge and attitude regarding permanent pacemaker and the quality of life of patients after permanent pacemaker implantation Deborah Snegalatha, Jasmin Anand, Bala Seetharaman, Bobby John Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):33-39 Cardiac pacing is an emerging lifesaving procedure that is being widely used in the recent times. Therefore, it is considered vital for the healthcare professionals to be aware of patients' knowledge and experience after the cardiac device implantation and also the impact these implanted devices have on their day-to-day life. This study was conducted with an aim to assess the knowledge and attitude of patients regarding permanent pacemakers (PMs) and their quality of life (QOL) after the permanent PM implantation. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in this study. A total of seventy patients were chosen by total enumerative sampling technique among those patients attending the cardiology outpatient department, PM clinic and selected cardiology wards of a tertiary care centre in South India. A knowledge questionnaire, an attitude scale and RAND Short-Form-36 health survey were used to collect data. The mean age of the study patients was 61.71 ± 12.42 years, and 60% accounted for men. The median duration of implantation was 2.9 ± 5.21 years. Majority of the participants (54.3%) had moderately adequate knowledge, 55.7% of the participants had moderately favourable attitude and 46% of them experienced moderate QOL. There were a positive correlation between the knowledge of participants and their QOL (r = 0.340; P = 0.004) and a statistically significant positive correlation between the attitude of participants and their QOL (r = 0.559; P = 0.001). A significant association between attitude and age was found. Conscious effort must be taken to help patients cope better and experience good QOL through systematic teaching after the PM implantation. This will help patients to function maximally and live life to their best capacities in the family and society.

Data analysis in qualitative research Vinitha Ravindran Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):40-45 Data analysis in qualitative research is an iterative and complex process. The focus of analysis is to bring out tacit meanings that people attach to their actions and responses related to a phenomenon. Although qualitative data analysis softwares are available, the researcher is the primary instrument who attempts to bring out these meanings by a deep engagement with the data and the individuals who share their stories. Although different approaches are suggested in different qualitative methods, the basic steps of content analysis that includes preparing the data, reading and reflection, coding, categorising and developing themes are integral to all approaches. The analysis process moves the researcher from describing the phenomenon to conceptualisation and abstraction of themes without losing the voice of the participants which are represented by the findings.

Gynaecological cancers Diana David, Ebenezer E Benjamin Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 2019 20(1):46-56 Gynaecological cancers are cancers of the female reproductive system, mainly including uterine/endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, fallopian tube cancer and trophoblastic tumour. Gynaecological cancers are often detected as a result of general screening procedures. Very few women are compliant with routine examinations; therefore, it is imperative that women are aware of some indicators of these cancers and get help at an early stage if needed. Some of these indicators are unusual bleeding, pain or pressure in the pelvis; unusual vaginal discharge; change in the toilet habits or itching, burning or soreness in the perineum. Treatment depends on the type of cancer, stage, location and general health of the woman. The decision for a single treatment or a combination becomes very challenging, especially when the woman is young and cancer is advanced. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about gynaecological cancers and proficient in caring for women with gynaecological cancers.