This study evaluates the performances of all forty different global climate models (GCMs) that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) for simulating climatological temperature and precipitation for Southeast Asia. Historical simulations of climatological temperature and precipitation of the 40 GCMs for the 40-year period of 1960–1999 for both land and sea and those for the century of 1901–1999 for land are evaluated using observation and reanalysis datasets. Nineteen...
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Cloud vertical structures over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Eastern China Plains (ECP) were analyzed by using data in rainy seasons from 2006 to 2009, in order to clarify the cloud development over adjacent regions but with distinct topographies. Results indicate that the largest occurrences of cloud top height over the TP are at 7-8 km above mean sea level, which is about 4 km lower than that over the ECP. Mixed-phase clouds dominated more than 30% over the TP, while it is lower than 10% over the...
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In this study, the influence of the blending degree between virgin and aged binder on the pavement performance of hot-mix recycled asphalt mixture (HMRAM) with high RAP content is analyzed. The aggregate gradation of AC-16 was selected. The RAP contents were 30, 40, and 50%. HMRAMs with different degrees of blending (DOBs) were prepared by changing the mixing temperature (150, 165, and 180°C) without the occurrence of excessive aging for asphalt binders. An improved Hirsch dynamic modulus prediction...
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The stability of iron tailings dam is affected by the permeability of tailings. Considering the influence of it, it is necessary to analyze the permeability of tailings so as to prevent the recurrence of Brazilian iron tailings dam accidents. Nevertheless, the results of iron tailings permeability from some prediction equations (Terzaghi equation, Hazen equation, and Kozeny equation) cannot be accurate. Iron tailings are various as they can be divided into three categories: (1) silt content is less...
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This study suggests an energy-scavenging capable unlicensed relay not only to retain communications between an unlicensed sender-recipient pair in underlay cognitive networks but also to secure these communications against eavesdropping of malicious users. Message-securing capability of such a network configuration is assessed through secrecy outage probability (SOP). For this purpose, a precise closed-form formula of the SOP accounting for interference power restriction, Nakagami-m fading, and maximum...
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The Americas were the last continents conquered by humanity. Now we know that those who settled there were a hardy group that first had to survive in the Arctic
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Key PointsEAE but not pregnancy increases TCRβ clonality in Tcon and Treg. Pregnancy is required for expansion of TRBV13-2–positive Treg. Pregnancy is required for expansion of EAE-related Treg clonotypes.
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Key PointsSepsis induces transcription of suppressive genes in innate and adaptive immune cells. Sepsis, trauma, and cancer share many common immunosuppressive mechanisms. Monocytic transcriptomic changes during sepsis are markedly suppressive.
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Key PointsHuman-derived IgE and allergens were used to study IgE-mediated cellular activation. Multivalent allergens can effectively cross-link low-affinity IgE–FcRI complexes. Epitope orientation and spacing can improve IgE–FcRI cross-linking.
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Key PointsUBL4A is a novel IFN-stimulated gene. UBL4A positively regulates innate immune response. UBL4A interacts with and targets TRAF6 for K63-linked ubiquitination.
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Key PointsLSD1 is necessary for marginal zone B cell development. LSD1 represses the follicular B cell and myeloid programs. With noncanonical NF-B, LSD1 regulates marginal zone B cell development.
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Key PointsNK activation receptor–dependent IFN- requires additional signals. Cytokine stimulation, but not activation receptor stimulation, induces Ifng transcription. Activation receptor ligation stimulates IFN- translation through TPL2.
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Key PointsAnnexin A1 expression is reduced in T cells from naive-to-treatment RRMS subjects. Annexin A1 levels correlate inversely with disease clinical score. Annexin A1 reduces T cell activation, proliferation, and glycolysis.
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Key PointsIncreased mTNF and defect in M2-like macrophages are biomarkers specific to RA. Increase in miR155 is responsible for this defect and could be a new target for therapeutic strategies.
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Key PointspM doses of CCL2 are effective in suppressing MOG-induced EAE. The modulation of EAE by CCL2 is associated with downregulation of Th1/Th17 cells. pM levels of CCL2 induce formation of highly functional Tregs.
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Key PointsCD14+ monocytes are the main producers of IL-23 in LPS-stimulated human PBMCs. Immunoproteasome inhibition selectively kills human monocytes. The immunoproteasome is required to maintain protein turnover in monocytes.
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Key PointsEmergence of class I/II and Ag receptor genes is proposed via comparative genomics. Nonrearranging Ag receptor–like genes were identified in MHC paralogous regions. Ancient translocation of an MHC genomic region including CD1 genes was discovered and named "MHCtrans."
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Key PointsTreg cells regulate PF4/heparin-specific Ab production through IL-10. Treg cells are important for the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
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Key PointsActive immunization with DJ NS1 plus NS3 induces a strong Ab response. Active immunization with DJ NS1 plus NS3 induces specific T cell responses. Combined DJ NS1 plus NS3 provides enhanced protection against DENV infection.
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Key PointsAmniotic fluid T cells are of fetal origin and functional in preterm gestations. Amniotic fluid T cells are increased in women with idiopathic preterm labor and birth. Intra-amniotic injection of activated neonatal T cells induces preterm birth in mice.
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Key PointsMore evidence is provided for the rationale behind the name of chicken IRF7. Chicken IRF7 participates in both MAVS- and STING-mediated IFN-β regulation. Chicken STING mediates the activation of IRF7 through a conserved SLQxSyS motif.
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Key PointsIn vivo treatment with α-GalCer results in hepatic pre-mNK cell expansion. α-GalCer–induced pre-mNK cell expansion is mediated by IL-12 and IL-18. α-GalCer–transactivated pre-mNK cells have tumoricidal/antimetastatic activities.
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Key PointsIn adults, increased IL-33 expression in the lungs per se is not pathologic. In neonates, increased IL-33 results in severe peripheral lung pathology. Pathologic effects of IL-33 in the lungs are age dependent.
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Key PointsATG16L2-deficient mice are viable and exhibit intact canonical autophagy. Intestinal infection reveals ATG16L2–(epithelial) ATG16L1 genetic interaction.
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Key PointsPlasma FB levels are elevated in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic AS. High FB and Bb levels are associated with adverse outcome in severe symptomatic AS. FB may be involved in AS pathogenesis and could operate in the early disease phase.
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Key PointsSpecific Jun family members cooperate with BATF in promoting IL-9 in Th9 cells. Bach2 cooperates with BATF to promote IL-9 in Th9 cells. Expression and function of bZIP factors dictate IL-9 activation in Th17 cells.
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Key PointsMore than 80% of H chain–based clones contained cells expressing consistent L chains. L chain junction diversity did not further refine these H chain–based clones. Leveraging additional H chain features could improve B cell clonal inference.
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Key PointsAhR activation leads to induction of MDSCs with immunosuppressive activity. AhR-mediated induction of MDSCs is regulated by microRNA that target CXCR2.
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Key PointsCgCLec-HTM was associated with CgSyk to mediate the ERK–Rel pathway. CgERK interacted with CgRel to induce CgRel nuclear translocation. The CgCLec-HTM–mediated pathway induced CgIL-17 and CgTNF production.
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On 19 September 2019, the Philippines declared an outbreak of polio. Two cases have been reported to date, both caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2). Environmental samples taken from sewage in Manila on 13 August and a waterway in Davao on 22 August have also tested positive for VDPV2. The first case was confirmed on 14 September following testing by the National Polio Laboratory at the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, the Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID)...
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Abstract Patients experiencing the consequences of opioid use often present to the emergency department (ED) at times of crisis, such as following overdose or when in withdrawal. This highlights the important role of the ED in recognizing opioid use disorder and engaging these patients into ongoing treatment. Given the limited ability of the healthcare system to provide timely addiction treatment, initiation of therapy in the ED, with referral to long-term care, is associated with...
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Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 24 September 2019; doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0493-1Memory retrieval involves interactions between internal or external cues and stored engrams. Identification of engrams in mice permits examination of these interactions at the level of neural ensembles. This review highlights emerging findings.
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Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 24 September 2019; doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0488-yThis paper first reviews the work on brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) for restoring lost motor function and then provides a perspective on how BMIs could extend to the new frontier of restoring lost emotional function in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 24 September 2019; doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0470-8When crossing the street, you can ignore the color of oncoming cars, but for hailing a taxi color is important. How do we learn what to represent neurally for each task? Here, Niv summarizes a decade of work on representation learning in the brain.
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Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 24 September 2019; doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0502-4The authors use a linear model to reveal how neural activity patterns are related to cognition or movements. They find that uninstructed movements dominate single-cell and population activity throughout the brain, outpacing task-related activity.
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Nature Neuroscience, Published online: 24 September 2019; doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0478-0Using data from 45,615 people, Kaufmann et al. compare the gaps between brain age and chronological age in a number of brain disorders and study the relationship of these gaps with genetics. Their research shows that the brains of individuals with a range of different brain disorders, such as dementia and schizophrenia, are aging faster than normal.
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