Evaluating Social Complexity and Inequality in the Balkans Between 6500 and 4200 BCAbstract
The subject of this paper is the social structure and sociocultural evolution of Balkan Neolithic and Eneolithic societies between 6500 and 4200 BC. I draw on archaeological evidence from three major regions of the Balkans related to demography, settlement, economy, warfare, and differences in status and wealth between individuals and groups to evaluate the degree and kind of social complexity and inequality. The trend in these data is of increase in social complexity and inequality over two millennia following the introduction of agriculture to the Balkans, as the simple and small hamlets of the late seventh and early sixth millennia transformed into large villages and tell sites of the late sixth and fifth millennia, in parallel with the development of copper metallurgy and regional exchange networks. There is no evidence of social stratification or the formation of complex systems of regional integration such as (proto)states or urban centers. The Balkan communities of this period were essentially village communities with social inequalities, when present, limited to differences in prestige and potentially rank.
|
The Rise of Pastoralism in the Ancient Near EastAbstract
In this paper, we present a history of pastoralism in the ancient Near East from the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. We describe the accretional development of pastoral technologies over eight millennia, including the productive breeding of domestic sheep, goats, and cattle in the early Neolithic and the subsequent domestication of animals used primarily for labor—donkeys, horses, and finally camels—as well as the first appearance of husbandry strategies such as penning, foddering, pasturing, young male culling, and dairy production. Despite frequent references in the literature to prehistoric pastoral nomads, pastoralism in Southwest Asia was strongly associated with sedentary communities that practiced intensive plant cultivation and was largely local in nature. There is very little evidence in prehistoric and early historic Southwest Asia to support the notion of a “dimorphic society” characterized by separate and specialized agriculturists and mobile pastoralists. Although mobile herders were present in the steppe regions of Syria by the early second millennium BC, mobile pastoralism was the exception rather than the rule at that time; its “identification” in the archaeological record frequently derives from the application of anachronistic ethnographic analogy. We conclude that pastoralism was a diverse, flexible, and dynamic adaptation in the ancient Near East and call for a reinvigorated and empirically based archaeology of pastoralism in Southwest Asia.
|
A History of Cacao in West Mexico: Implications for Mesoamerica and U.S. Southwest ConnectionsAbstract
Cacao economies in far western Mexico developed between AD 850/900 and 1350+ along with the adoption of a political–religious complex centered on the solar deity Xochipilli as the Aztatlán culture became integrated into expanding political, economic, and information networks of highland and southern Mesoamerica. The Xochipilli complex significantly transformed societies in the Aztatlán core zone of coastal Nayarit and Sinaloa and parts of Jalisco, Durango, Zacatecas, and Michoacán. West Mexican cacao was acquired in the U.S. Southwest by Chaco Canyon elites in New Mexico through macroregional prestige goods economies as Ancestral Pueblo societies became integrated into the Postclassic Mesoamerican world.
|
The Inertia of Old Ideas: A Historical Overview of Theoretical and Methodological Challenges in the Study of Classic Maya Political OrganizationAbstract
While it is tempting to assume that empirical advancements inexorably lead to incremental improvement in our understanding of the past, the impact of ideas—even empirically untenable positions—often impede disciplinary progress. This paper examines the intellectual history of changing views of Classic Maya political organization, from the formulation of the “traditional synthesis” to contemporary debates. Although the traditional synthesis did not stand up to empirical evaluation, elements of the model continued to have substantive impact into the 21st century. This historical overview is part of a broader critique of ways we create and evaluate theories about the ancestral Maya past. With a century of archaeological research and the maturation of epigraphic research providing a rich empirical foundation, the successes or failures of the next generation of research will be governed by advancements in theory building and long overdue methodological reforms.
|
Commodity Chains in Archaeological Research: Cotton Cloth in the Aztec EconomyAbstract
This paper applies the interdisciplinary approaches of commodity chain, commodity circuit, and commodity network analyses—common in sociology, anthropology, and geography—to cotton cloth in the Aztec economy to demonstrate how these techniques can enrich archaeological understandings of ancient economies. Commodity chain analysis draws attention to social and economic dependencies that link people and processes along a production sequence and across wide geographic areas. Commodity circuits and commodity networks highlight the bundling of goods and knowledge in nonlinear and multidirectional flows, the relationships that link participants through these flows, and the flexible meanings and values of goods for participants. By applying these approaches to the archaeological study of cotton cloth in the Aztec economy, we show how they provide a holistic framework for studying goods that bridges the microscale (household) and macroscale (world system).
|
New Perspectives on the Political Economy of Great ZimbabweAbstract
This review draws from old and new archaeological data and takes interpretive flavor from indigenous African concepts to demonstrate that, within a context of local and external interfaces, Great Zimbabwe’s political economy was a mosaic rooted more in a mix of seasonally specific, household-based, compositional strategies of production and circulation and less in the redistribution of archaeologically low-frequency exotics from the Indian Ocean. An ideology based on the hierarchical triad of land, ancestors, and belief in God underwrote custodial rights and extractive powers that at times enabled rulers to access a share of productive, allocative, and circulative activities in their territories. Simultaneously, households and communities freely participated in the economy, often inside and outside state control and influence, demonstrating the individual, collective, mixed, embedded, and capillary nature of the political economy.
|
The Provenance, Use, and Circulation of Metals in the European Bronze Age: The State of DebateAbstract
Bronze is the defining metal of the European Bronze Age and has been at the center of archaeological and science-based research for well over a century. Archaeometallurgical studies have largely focused on determining the geological origin of the constituent metals, copper and tin, and their movement from producer to consumer sites. More recently, the effects of recycling, both temporal and spatial, on the composition of the circulating metal stock have received much attention. Also, discussions of the value and perception of bronze, both as individual objects and as hoarded material, continue to be the focus of scholarly debate. Here, we bring together the sometimes-diverging views of several research groups on these topics in an attempt to find common ground and set out the major directions of the debate, for the benefit of future research. The paper discusses how to determine and interpret the geological provenance of new metal entering the system; the circulation of extant metal across time and space, and how this is seen in changing compositional signatures; and some economic aspects of metal production. These include the role of metal-producing communities within larger economic settings, quantifying the amount of metal present at any one time within a society, and aspects of hoarding, a distinctive European phenomenon that is less prevalent in the Middle Eastern and Asian Bronze Age societies.
|
From Community to State: The Development of the Aksumite Polity (Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea), c. 400 BC–AD 800Abstract
The so-called Kingdom of Aksum in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea was the dominant African polity along the southern Red Sea in the first millennium AD. The polity emerged in central Tigray (northern Ethiopia) in the late first millennium BC, incorporated eastern Tigray and central Eritrea in the mid-first millennium AD, and eventually declined in the late first millennium AD. The adoption of Christianity as a state religion in the fourth century AD was a crucial event in the history of the polity. At present, the development of this polity is uncertain, as no real effort to understand the process of formation, consolidation, and decline has been made. In this paper I suggest that a local polity based on kinship emerged at Aksum in the fourth century BC to second century AD, incorporated most of the highlands in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea in the third century, and consolidated as a kingdom organized on the same state-church relationship of other eastern Mediterranean Christian states in the fifth–sixth centuries AD. The inclusion of the polity in Roman-Byzantine long-distance trade between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, warfare, and adoption of Christianity were the crucial factors that sustained the main transformations of the polity through time.
|
Early Platforms, Early Plazas: Exploring the Precursors to Mississippian Mound-and-Plaza CentersAbstract
Platform mounds and plazas have a 5000-year-long history in the eastern United States but are often viewed through the lens of late prehistoric and early historic understandings of mound use. This review approaches the history of these important landscape features via a forward-looking temporal framework that emphasizes the variability in their construction and use through time and across space. I suggest that by viewing platform mounds in their historical contexts, emphasizing the construction process over final form, and focusing on nonmound sites and off-mound areas such as plazas, we can build a less biased and more complex understanding of early Native American monumentality.
|
New Research on the “Kings of Metal”: Systems of Social Distinction in the Copper Age of Southeastern EuropeAbstract
This paper discusses the degree of social complexity in southeastern Europe in the fifth millennium BC and presents previously unreported evidence from the tell societies of the Lower Danube. Based on the analysis of stone, flint, and copper axes of various types from Pietrele in southern Romania, I argue that social distinction, as deduced from the Varna cemetery, also can be identified in contemporary neighboring regions with poorer burial rituals. In these societies, some members distinguished themselves by their access and accumulation of prestigious items, with a special emphasis on axes, adzes, and shaft-hole axes. This socioeconomic constellation was ideal for the adoption of metallurgy, which was considerably developed for the production of prestigious axe heads. These, in turn, stimulated innovation in other crafts and materials. Distribution patterns, source-critical consideration, and new excavation results indicate that the social order visible in the cemetery of Varna was not limited to the western Black Sea coast but was shared by neighboring communities, where the social reality was masked in seemingly egalitarian funeral rites. Through this discussion, I also bring in recent evidence for early metallurgy in southwestern Asia.
|
ΩτοΡινοΛαρυγγολόγος Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos 72100 Crete Greece,00302841026182,00306932607174,
Translate
Ετικέτες
Δευτέρα 12 Αυγούστου 2019
Αναρτήθηκε από
Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos 72100 Crete Greece,00302841026182,00306932607174,alsfakia@gmail.com,
στις
11:02 μ.μ.
Ετικέτες
00302841026182,
00306932607174,
alsfakia@gmail.com,
Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos 72100 Crete Greece,
Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis
Εγγραφή σε:
Σχόλια ανάρτησης (Atom)
Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου
-
►
2023
(278)
- ► Φεβρουαρίου (139)
- ► Ιανουαρίου (139)
-
►
2022
(1962)
- ► Δεκεμβρίου (107)
- ► Σεπτεμβρίου (158)
- ► Φεβρουαρίου (165)
- ► Ιανουαρίου (163)
-
►
2021
(3614)
- ► Δεκεμβρίου (152)
- ► Σεπτεμβρίου (271)
- ► Φεβρουαρίου (64)
- ► Ιανουαρίου (357)
-
►
2020
(3279)
- ► Δεκεμβρίου (396)
- ► Σεπτεμβρίου (157)
- ► Φεβρουαρίου (382)
- ► Ιανουαρίου (84)
-
▼
2019
(11718)
- ► Δεκεμβρίου (265)
- ► Σεπτεμβρίου (545)
-
▼
Αυγούστου
(750)
- Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5...
- Inflammation
- Radiology
- Programmed chromosome fission and fusion enab...
- Distinct immunology of the placenta
- Topography of the central retinal artery rele...
- No ‘gay gene’: Massive study homes in on gen...
- American Journal of Primatology
- Dermatological and Epidemiological Profiles ...
- Reply to Dr. Suga and Dr. Takenoshita Abstr...
- Με αυτό τον τρόπο το παιδί δεν θα εκδηλώσει ...
- Legends of Allergy and Immunology: Donald Y....
- The use of aggregation-induced emission prob...
- Αυτό το παυσίπονο αυξάνει τον κίνδυνο υπογλυ...
- VASCULARITY TARGETED PERCUTANEOUS ETHANOL IN...
- Leucine depletion extends the lifespans of l...
- Trends in Mortality From Human Immunodeficien...
- Associations between cerebrovascular risk fa...
- Stem Cells in the Treatment of Disease New E...
- Head and Neck
- British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Sur...
- Cancer Science
- Clinical Anatomy
- Medicine by Alexandros G. Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5...
- Nanomaterials, Vol. 9, Pages 1218: Fabrica...
- Medicina, Vol. 55, Pages 547: Total Serum ...
- International Journal of Environmental Resear...
- Arts, Vol. 8, Pages 111: The Persistence o...
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant chromium toleran...
- Adenine decreases hypertrophic effects through i...
- Degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by Enterobac...
- Special issue on Intelligence Computation Evolut...
- A nonlinear state marginal price vector model fo...
- What's new in academic International medicine? T...
- Mādhyamikas Playing Bad Hands: The Case of Custo...
- Microporous scaffolds support assembly and diffe...
- The Gender Gap in Globalization and Well-Being A...
- Evaluation of a trap-and-transport program for a...
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Vol. 286, ...
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, FDG PET...
- Experimental DermatologyVolume 28, Issue 9Pages:...
- Understanding Connection Between Poverty, Child...
- Surveillance efficiency evaluation of air qualit...
- Opioid Prescribing Can Be Reduced in Oral and Ma...
- Exploring How Pediatric Residents Develop Adapti...
- Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Oral and Max...
- Comparative Efficacy of 35% Glycolic Acid Peel A...
- The impact of a complex consulting process with ...
- Oropharyngeal recovery in a patient with the phar...
- Platelet-rich plasma protocols can potentiate vas...
- Relationship between Obesity and Balance in the ...
- Dabigatran for catastrophic antiphospholipid syn...
- Recovery of left ventricular twist and left vent...
- Don't Panic, Scientists Haven't Shown C-Section...
- USDA food safety leaders By Dan Flynn on Aug 29,...
- cGMP Signaling and Modulation in Heart FailureCy...
- SAGE Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine hu...
- A clinical comparative study of four interocclus...
- Global vascular guidelines on the management of ...
- Wound Repair and RegenerationEarly View Online...
- The ellipselet transformZahra Khodabandeh, Hosse...
- Public Health Law News Announcements...
- Determining the Association Between End-of-Life ...
- Incidence and risk factors of postoperative deli...
- Prognostic predictions based on pathological fin...
- Public Health Policies on E-Cigarettes Abstract ...
- Comparison of drug-eluting balloon with repeat d...
- What will surgical coronary revascularization lo...
- Anaesthetic considerations in nonagenarians and ...
- The statement of the Asia-Pacific Association fo...
- Duration of allergen immunotherapy for inhalant ...
- Transcranial Shear Wave Elastography of Neonatal...
- Effects of adjuvant mental practice using invers...
- Evidence-Based Use of Perioperative Antibiotic...
- Associations of awake and asleep blood pressure ...
- Diagnostic ‘nightmares’ in an HIV patient with a...
- Comparison of Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunos...
- Archives of Disease in Childhood
- Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a nonathero...
- Cardiac MRI,
- Methods Used to Maximize Follow-up: Lessons Lear...
- Memories of Donald Dean Trunkey, Life-Saving Int...
- Building Blocks for Addressing Social Determin...
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Follow-up of ...
- Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences - Curre...
- Current Status and Future of Robotic Colorectal ...
- Daily Functioning in Schizophrenia: Is There Roo...
- Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: A SCIENTIFIC...
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Primary Open-angle G...
- Correcting a Deficiency: Furthering Our Knowledg...
- Immunosuppression and Graft Rejection in Living-...
- American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial O...
- The Pediatric Home Health Care Process: Perspe...
- ► Φεβρουαρίου (1143)
- ► Ιανουαρίου (744)
-
►
2017
(2)
- ► Φεβρουαρίου (1)
- ► Ιανουαρίου (1)
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου