Treatment trends in head and neck cancer: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Patterns of Care analysis Abstract Purpose Recent advances in head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment, such as increased use of organ-preserving advanced radiation treatments, the approval of cetuximab for HNC treatment, and the increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related HNC, have changed clinical approaches to HNC management. We sought to identify treatment trends in a population-based cohort of HNC patients. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Patterns of Care program collected additional treatment and HPV testing information on stratified random samples of HNC patients diagnosed in 1997 (n = 473), 2004 (n = 1,317), and 2009 (n = 1,128). Rao–Scott Chi-square tests were used to examine unadjusted associations between year of diagnosis and patient sociodemographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics. Cochran–Armitage tests for trend were used to examine the hypothesis that certain treatments were used increasingly (or decreasingly) over the time period, while logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with particular treatments. Results Use of radiation and chemotherapy without surgery significantly increased for all HNC sites between 1997 and 2009. Cetuximab and taxane use also showed a significantly increasing trend. Lack of insurance was associated with not receiving treatment in multivariate models. The majority (64%) of cases undergoing radiation in 2009 received an advanced treatment, with 55% receiving intensity modulated. The majority of oropharyngeal cases with known HPV status received chemotherapy and radiation only (62%) and nearly all were insured and had one or fewer comorbidities. Conclusions Treatment patterns have changed for HNC, leading to increased incorporation of systemic therapy and newer radiation techniques. HPV testing should be targeted for more widespread use, especially in traditionally underserved groups.