The prevalence and risk factors of prostatic calculi in Han Chinese: a cross-sectional study based on health examinations
Jialin Meng ORCID Icon, Meng Zhang ORCID Icon, Shi-Yang Guan, Jun Zhou, Song Fan, Huaqing Hu &  show all
Received 02 Mar 2019, Accepted 14 May 2019, Published online: 01 Jun 2019
Download citation  https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2019.1620203 

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Abstract
Purpose: Prostatic calculi (PCal) are commonly present with prostate disease; we aim to map the incidence and associated clinical risk factors of PCal in Han Chinese.

Material and methods: We retrospectively selected men who sought a medical check-up in 2018. Basic clinical items, including age, weight, height, prostate specific antigen (PSA), uric acid (UA), fasting blood glucose (FBG), urinalysis results, and transabdominal prostate ultrasound, were recorded. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate whether these factors were associated with the presence of PCal.

Result: We recorded the parameters of laboratory tests and clinical information from 14,427 men; men with PCal comprised 51.65% of the total group and 76.61% of the subgroup of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients. All the enrolled parameters showed meaningful differences, but the logistic regression analysis only indicated significant effects related to age (OR = 1.044, 95% CI = 1.040–1.047, and p < .001), body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.035, 95% CI = 1.022–1.048, and p < .001), UA (OR = 0.999, 95% CI = 0.999–1.000, and p = .029), BPH (OR = 2.923, 95% CI = 2.678–3.191, and p < .001), and prostate cysts (OR = 0.609, 95% CI = 0.471–0.788, and p < .001). The odds ratio of the predicted combined model is 1.068.

Conclusions: PCal was detected in 51.65% of men among healthy Han Chinese and in 76.61% of BPH patients. Age, BMI, UA, BPH, and prostate cysts were independent risk factors for the presence of PCal.

Keywords: Prostate calculi, prevalence, BPH, Han Chinese