Cognitive influences on perceived phonatory exertion using the Borg CR10
Miriam van Mersbergen ORCID Icon, Lisa A. Vinney & Alexis E. Payne
Received 31 Aug 2018, Accepted 04 May 2019, Published online: 13 Jun 2019
Download citation  https://doi.org/10.1080/14015439.2019.1617895 

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Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine the nature of the relationship between perceptions of vocal and mental (cognitive) effort during reading and speaking tasks.

Methods: One hundred and four young, healthy adult participants were randomized into one of three groups. Each group performed a writing task meant to elicit low mental effort, high mental effort, or high mental effort followed by a period of relaxation. Participants then engaged in reading and speaking tasks, meant to elicit high (suppression of a prepotent desire to speak louder) or low (no suppression of a prepotent desire to speak louder) mental effort, and completed ratings of mental effort and vocal effort via adapted versions of the Borg CR10.

Results: Findings indicate that ratings of perceived mental and vocal effort are related to one another, evidenced by strong correlations, and additional analyses reveal that mental effort might drive this relationship.

Conclusions: Perceptions of vocal effort appear to mirror ratings of mental effort during tasks for which vocal activity is relatively stable but cognitive demands fluctuate. The possibility that perceptions of mental effort might influence perceptions of vocal effort should be considered when creating reliable and valid measures of vocal effort as well as when interpreting currently adapted measures of vocal effort in the clinical context.

Keywords: Vocal effort, mental effort, voice, self-regulation, Borg CR10