The Nlrp3 Inflammasome Orchestrates Mobilization of Bone Marrow-Residing Stem Cells into Peripheral Blood Abstract Mobilization of stem cells from bone marrow (BM) into peripheral blood (PB) in response to tissue or organ injury, infections, strenuous exercise, or mobilization-inducing drugs is as we postulated result of a “sterile inflammation” in the BM microenvironment that triggers activation of the Complement Cascade (ComC). Therefore, we became interested in the role of the Nlrp3 inflammasome in this process and show for the first time that its activation in ATP-dependent manner orchestrates BM egress of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) as well as other stem cells, including mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). To explain this extracellular ATP is a potent activator of the Nrlp3 inflammasome, which leads to the release of interleukin 1β and interleukin 18, as well as several danger-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) that activate the mannan-binding lectin (MBL) pathway of the ComC, from cells of the innate immunity network. In support of this mechanism, we demonstrate that the Nlrp3 inflammasome become activated in innate immunity cells by granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and AMD3100 in an ATP-dependent manner. Moreover, administration of the Nlrp3 inflammasome activator nigericin induces mobilization in mice, and the opposite effect is obtained by administration of an Nlrp3 inhibitor (MCC950) to mice mobilized by G-CSF or AMD3100. In summary, our results further support the crucial role of innate immunity, BM sterile inflammation, and novel role of the ATP–Nlrp3–ComC axis in the egress of stem cells into PB.