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Πέμπτη 30 Μαΐου 2019

A BRCA mutation is a mutation in either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are tumour suppressor genes. Hundreds of different types of mutations in these genes have been identified, some of which have been determined to be harmful, while others have no proven impact. Harmful mutations in these genes may produce a hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome in affected persons. Only 5-10% of breast cancer cases in women are attributed to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (with BRCA1 mutations being slightly more common than BRCA2 mutations), but the impact on women with the gene mutation is more profound.[1] Women with harmful mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 have a risk of breast cancer that is about five times the normal risk, and a risk of ovarian cancer that is about ten to thirty times normal.[2] The risk of breast and ovarian cancer is higher for women with a high-risk BRCA1 mutation than with a BRCA2 mutation. Having a high-risk mutation does not guarantee that the woman will develop any type of cancer, or imply that any cancer that appears was actually caused by the mutation, rather than some other factor. High-risk mutations, which disable an important error-free DNA repair process (homology directed repair), significantly increase the person's risk of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer and certain other cancers. Why BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations lead preferentially to cancers of the breast and ovary is not known, but lack of BRCA1 function seems to lead to non-functional X-chromosome inactivation. Not all mutations are high-risk; some appear to be harmless variations. The cancer risk associated with any given mutation varies significantly and depends on the exact type and location of the mutation and possibly other individual factors. Mutations can be inherited from either parent and may be passed on to both sons and daughters. Each child of a genetic carrier, regardless of sex, has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from the parent who carries the mutation. As a result, half of the people with BRCA gene mutations are male, who would then pass the mutation on to 50% of their offspring, male or female. The risk of BRCA-related breast cancers for men with the mutation is higher than for other men, but still low.[3] However, BRCA mutations can increase the risk of other cancers, such as colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. Methods to diagnose the likelihood of a patient with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 getting cancer were covered by patents owned or controlled by Myriad Genetics.[4][5] Myriad's business model of exclusively offering the diagnostic test led to Myriad growing from being a startup in 1994 to being a publicly traded company with 1200 employees and about $500M in annual revenue in 2012;[6] it also led to controversy over high prices and the inability to get second opinions from other diagnostic labs, which in turn led to the landmark Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics lawsuit.[7]

Biomarkers

Molecular markers used to guide treatment, assess prognosis, or detect relapse.

BRCA

In 125,000 de-identified Invitae customers with and without a personal or family history of cancer, 23andMe's DTC test would have missed almost 90 percent of BRCA mutations.
The test will be used to identify men with metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer and germline BRCA mutations who are enrolled in a study for olaparib.
Maintenance treatment with Clovis' rucaparib may be a more tolerable maintenance therapy than chemo in platinum-responsive patients with mutations in BRCA1/2 or PALB2.
CMS had received significant stakeholder feedback that germline NGS testing is not the same as somatic testing, and that the NCD as written would negatively impact patients.
By focusing too heavily on family history, the Preventive Services Task Force is missing many opportunities for prevention, patient advocates, industry players, and researchers say.  
With retrospective and prospective analyses on women with BRCA1/2 mutations, investigators began teasing out breast cancer risk relative to reproductive history.
The agency said it is sensitive to stakeholder concerns and is working with MACs to adjust claims processing systems.
Healthcare providers continue to worry about the impact of 23andMe's health risk reports but there is also growing acceptance of the DTC testing model.
The kit is approved for the qualitative detection of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in patients with different cancer types including breast cancer.
The American Society of Breast Surgeons updated consensus guidelines to recommend multigene panel testing for patients with cancer, including those who were tested many years ago.

BRCA

The diversity of the organizations that have signed the letter to CMS demonstrates widespread concern over this policy.
The latest guidelines include new language about screening individuals with BRCA mutations and the potential utility of certain biomarker tests.
CMS's move to restrict coverage could limit test access for early-stage cancer patients and negatively impact lab revenues.
Researchers from the PROREPAIR-B study reported that men with germline BRCA2 mutations and prostate cancer had shorter cause-specific survival.
In a letter to CMS, AMP made a case for crosswalking existing CPT codes for BRCA1/2 testing to codes that more accurately reflect the work required to analyze these genes.
The test is now approved as a CDx for advanced ovarian cancer patients considering Lynparza as a first-line maintenance treatment.
During the meeting, researchers presented studies on combination immunotherapies and the efficacy of giving molecularly-informed treatments earlier in the disease continuum.
The test is approved to gauge germline BRCA mutations in advanced breast cancer patients who may benefit from treatment with Pfizer's PARP inhibitor Talzenna.
A team led by Walter and Eliza Hall Institute researchers found that ovarian tumors with complete BRCA1 methylation and silencing were more susceptible to treatment.
Researchers found cancer risk variants in individuals who did not meet criteria for testing, and testing led to early cancer detection in several cases.

BRCA

The researchers said their findings could help classify BRCA1 variants, particularly one whose impact on cancer risk is currently not clear.
Researchers screened 2,000 Nigerian women with and without the disease for loss-of-function mutations in 25 known and suspected breast cancer genes.
With panel sequence data from Ambry's clinical lab and a TNBC research consortium, researchers saw risky hereditary variants in BRCA1/2 and other genes.
Researchers led by MD Anderson’s Karen Lu want to know the most efficient genetic counseling strategy as more people are getting screened for cancer risk genes.
Results of a new study offer preliminary evidence that blood tests could select patients for treatment, and track response and resistance.
The first randomized study to show a PARP inhibitor benefits advanced breast cancer patients is also a sign of the expanding utility of BRCA testing in precision medicine.
The analysis from Quest Diagnostic researchers compared the cost-effectiveness of a seven-gene panel test to BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing alone in improving life expectancy.


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