Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre

β-Glucan, a dietary fiber in effective prevention of lifestyle diseases – An insight Publication date: Available online 11 May 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre Author(s): Gunjan Maheshwari, Sumathi Sowrirajan, Baby Joseph Abstract β-Glucan (β-G), a dietary fiber and a biologically active natural polysaccharide, is helpful in the prevention and control of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetics and cancer. Witnessing an increasing trend in mortality due to these diseases, especially in low- and middle-income countries can partly be attributed to dietary habits. This review deliberately discusses the global scenario on the life style diseases (LSDs), its relation to food habits on a regional basis and their effective prevention with β-glucan. Lowering the LDL cholesterol, the glycemic index and blood sugar, along with the antioxidant, anticancer and free radical scavenging property, β-glucan is efficient in trapping the reactive oxygen. But its easy availability as an affordable dietary supplement, is yet to be attended. Graphical abstract

Effects of different microwave intensity on the extraction yield and physicochemical properties of pectin from dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peels Publication date: April 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, Volume 18 Author(s): Shahrooz Rahmati, Aminah Abdullah, Oon Lee Kang Abstract In this experiment, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied at different intensity of 300, 450, 600, and 800 W to extract pectin from dragon fruit peels. The microwave-assisted extraction was optimized using a central composite experimental design. The optimal extraction condition was established to be pH 2.07, extraction time of 65 s, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 66.57. The maxima extraction yields at 300, 450, 600, and 800 W were 11.8, 14.9, 17.2 and 18.5%, respectively. Experimental and predicted extraction yields obtained at the different microwave power levels were fitted to second-order response surface model. Microwave-assisted extraction process is effective in obtaining high-quality dragon fruit peel pectin, i.e. GalA content: 59.73–69.68%, DE value: 45.82–46.95%, crystallinity: 15.32–21.22%. Graphical abstract

Microbial enzymatic degradation of tamarind galactoxyloglucan and wheat arabinoxylan by a porcine faecal inoculum Publication date: April 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, Volume 18 Author(s): Guangli Feng, Bernadine M. Flanagan, Deirdre Mikkelsen, Barbara A. Williams, Michael J. Gidley Abstract: This study investigated the enzymatic degradation of solubilised tamarind galactoxyloglucan (GXG) and wheat arabinoxylan (AX), as models for abundant polysaccharides in the primary cell walls of fruits/vegetables and cereal grains, respectively. Using a porcine faecal inoculum, it was demonstrated that the microbial consortia produced surface-located endo-β-xyloglucanase and endo-β-xylanase, to enable the degradation of these polymers into oligosaccharides, close to the microbial surface. Subsequently, these oligosaccharides were completely degraded into monosaccharides by exo-degrading enzymes located both within and on the microbial cell wall, while no enzymatic activities were detected in the cytoplasm. This study reveals a competitive utilisation of GXG and AX by a porcine faecal microbiota, and contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms by which fibre polysaccharides are degraded by the gut microbial community. Graphical abstract

Xylooligosaccharides production process from lignocellulosic biomass and bioactive effects Publication date: April 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, Volume 18 Author(s): Caroline de Freitas, Eleonora Carmona, Michel Brienzo Abstract Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are sugar oligomers made with xylose units. They are recognized by its great prebiotic potential and nutritional benefits, promoting growth of the probiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract. Other advantages of XOS consumption, which comes from the stimulation of selective growth of the beneficial intestinal microflora, includes reduction of glycemic indexes and cholesterol in the blood, reduction of pro-carcinogenic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, improvement of the absorption of minerals in the large intestine, in addition to stimulating the immune system. Xylan, the major hemicellulosic component of lignocellulosic materials can be used for XOS production. Therefore, plant biomass in agriculture residues can be a source for that XOS production in a sustainable and affordable way. Although xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the majority of cell wall plants, hemicelluloses differ from softwoods, hardwoods and annual plants and that can generate different types of XOS. The production of XOS can be carried out by chemical and enzymatic methods, the latter is preferable in the food industry because does not present secondary reactions or the formation of by-products. Prior to XOS production, hemicellulose needs to be extracted from the lignocellulosic biomass. This study presents XOS as an emerging prebiotic with more emphasis on its production processes and bioactive properties. Graphical abstract

In vivo study of the potential of the carbohydrate-mineral complex from pine nut shells as an ingredient of functional food products Publication date: April 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, Volume 18 Author(s): Olga Babich, Lyubov Dyshlyuk, Svetlana Noskova, Stanislav Sukhikh, Alexander Prosekov, Svetlana Ivanova, Valery Pavsky Abstract The presence of toxicological effects and the effect of increasing endurance from the consumption of processed products of pine nut shells (carbohydrate and mineral complex) have been studied. To study the possible toxicological effects of the carbohydrate-mineral complex in vivo, the effect of feed mixtures with the addition of a carbohydrate-mineral complex (formulation and manufacturing technology developed by us) on the group of laboratory animals has been studied. After 4 weeks of the experimental period, no significant changes in the blood serum of laboratory animals and in the mass of their organs were observed (p > 0.05). When the complex was introduced from the shells of pine nuts, the endurance of laboratory animals was increased 1.6 to 4.6 times in comparison with the initial. The recipes for food products (sour-milk drinks, instant cereals, dry granulated breakfasts) with the products of pine nuts processing was developed. Confirmation of their effectiveness as sports nutrition products on the group of athletes will be the next stage of the study. Graphical abstract

Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties, cholinesterase inhibitory and anti-amyloidogenic activities of sulfated polysaccharides from some seaweeds Publication date: Available online 11 March 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre Author(s): Tosin A. Olasehinde, Leonard V. Mabinya, Ademola O. Olaniran, Anthony I. Okoh Abstract Sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from Ecklonia maxima (PKPM), Gelidium pristoides (PMNP) and Ulva rigida (PURL) and characterized using scanning electron microscope with energy dispersing x-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The radical scavenging activity, metal chelating effects, enzyme inhibitory potentials and anti-amyloidogenic activities of the sulfated polysaccharide samples were also evaluated. The elemental analysis and FTIR results confirmed the presence of sulfate groups in the polysaccharides. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, fucose, arabinose and xylose as the main monosaccharides present in the samples. PKPM, PMNP and PURL exhibited radical scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS and OH radicals and were able to chelate Fe2+. The sulfated polysaccharides also showed inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and β-secretase activities. PKPM showed higher cholinesterase and β-secretase inhibitory activities than PURL and PMNP. Thioflavin-T assay revealed that incubation of β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) peptide without the polysaccharides showed high fluorescence intensity compared to Aβ1-42 treated with PMNP, PKPM and PURL which showed drastic reduction in fluorescence intensity. Electron micrographs also revealed continuous aggregation of amyloid fibrils in the control (Aβ1-42 alone). However, Sulfated polysaccharides samples incubated with Aβ1-42 showed disappearance of Aβ1-42 fibrils which connotes disaggregation and inhibition of aggregation of the fibrils. These results suggest that the sulfated polysaccharide samples exhibit antioxidant and neuroprotective potentials which could be explored as nutraceuticals for the management of AD. Graphical abstract

Low molecular weight dextran production by Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains: Optimization of a new culture medium and the rheological assessments Publication date: Available online 9 March 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre Author(s): Behnam Esmaeilnejad-Moghadam, Reza Rezaei Mokarram, Mohammad Amin Hejazi, Mahmoud Sowti Khiabani, Fatemeh Keivaninahr Abstract Strains belonging to genus Leuoconostoc mesenteroides are able to produce dextran exo-polysaccharide. In this study, MRS broth and milk permeate were used for growth of three strains (NRRL B-512F, NCIB 8023 and NRRL B-512) of L. mesenteroides and the growth rate, dextran production, and its rheological properties were studied. Evaluation of molecular weight by high-performance size exclusion chromatography system showed that dextran produced in milk permeate had a lower molecular weight (<10000 Dalton) compared to the dextran produced in MRS broth (<40000 Dalton). The viscosity of dextran solution (2%) produced in MRS was 0.005–0.01 Pa.s while in the synthetic medium it was <0.005 Pa.s. Also in our study maximum ratio of growth factor and dextran yield belonged to NRRL B-512F, which was subjected to optimization of fermentation condition for dextran production. For optimization, response surface methodology by using sucrose, milk permeate and yeast extract in 5 levels were used. According to experiments, optimum concentrations for sucrose, milk permeate, and yeast extract were found to be 20, 15, and 15 (g/l), respectively. Graphical abstract

Optimization and characterization of polysaccharides extraction from Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) using pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) Publication date: Available online 18 February 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre Author(s): Yeon Jin Cho, Adane Tilahun Getachew, Periaswamy Sivagnanam Saravana, Byung Soo Chun Abstract Achatina fulica was treated by pressurized hot water to extract bioactive polysaccharides and the extraction process was optimized with the extraction yield by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized condition was temperature of 133.53 °C, water to solid ratio of 54.11 mL/g, and time of 14.95 min, and the yield of the polysaccharide was 42.39% ± 0.85%. The characterization of polysaccharide was comprised of preliminary, physical, and structural properties by GAG, uronic acid, and sulfate content, TLC, HPLC, GPC, FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, TGA, and XRD. The snail hydrolysis polysaccharides (SPs) was also demonstrated to its antioxidant by ABTS+ assay and total antioxidant activity of 32.30% ± 0.31% and 584.12 μg ± 2.10 μg ascorbic acid equivalent (AE)/L. This study indicated that pressurized hot water extraction can be used to extract polysaccharides from A. fulica. Graphical abstract

The potential of marine oligosaccharides in pharmacy Publication date: Available online 14 February 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre Author(s): Catherine T. Nordgård, Shalini V. Rao, Kurt I. Draget Abstract Complex polysaccharides are widespread within the animal kingdom. At the molecular level, however, the importance of such components have largely been considered inferior compared to nucleic acids and proteins. This in spite of the fact that carbohydrates are well known to govern important biological processes like cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. There are probably several reasons for this, out of which the huge challenges of characterizing and synthesizing complex carbohydrates play an important role. Secondly, the fact that complex carbohydrates are not primary gene products but rather the result of post polymerization processes like e.g. glycosylation of proteins adds to the intricacy to the science of Glycobiology. As of today, heparin and heparin analogues for the treatment of DVT represent some of the very few examples of carbohydrate, or carbohydrate-inspired pharmaceutical products on the market. This review will address the complexity of carbohydrates, but also that due to this complexity carbohydrates exhibit a huge potential as carriers of information. Finally, some examples of pharmaceutically active oligosaccharides of marine origin will be presented.

Design, formulation, and characterization of a potential ‘whole food’ using fibre rich orange (Citrus sinensis Lin) pomace as base Publication date: January 2019 Source: Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, Volume 17 Author(s): Abosede Oluwakemi Oduntan, Gibson L. Arueya Abstract Residues from processing of orange juice constitute a pollutant and an environmental nuisance especially when not properly disposed. In recent times, these are being recognized as veritable sources of dietary fibre and phenolics leading to its use as food supplements and flavourings among others. However, expanding this frontier of knowledge through conversion into whole foods with good dietary fibre profile remains to be explored. Orange pomace (O), soymeal (S) and wheat bran (W) were subjected to a three component mixture design (D-optimal), the lower boundary being 5%(O), 10%(S) and 10%(W) for pomace soymeal and wheat bran while the upper boundary were 30(O), 80(S) and 70%(W) respectively. This design was used to obtain blends of 13 formulations analyzed for proximate, dietary fibre and sensory properties using standard methods. Compositional profile were moisture (8.5–11.03%), ash (4–6%), protein (10.84–25.40%), fat (3.5–8.0%), carbohydrate (39.18–59.34%) and crude fibre (4.22–18.89), dietary fibre [43.08–66.86% (insoluble: 13.88–39.78%; soluble: 3.3–45.58%)]. Whole food formulations containing significant amount of all the three ingredients used (23–30% orange pomace, 10–52% soymeal and 25–60% wheat bran) had varied dietary fibre fractions. The blend 10% pomace, 80% soymeal and 10% wheat bran recorded the highest sensory score (5.16) for overall acceptability. Indeed, utilization of orange pomace for developing whole foods while minimizing environmental pollution would also contribute significant amount of dietary fibre with attendant potential benefits to human health.