Circulating exosomal microRNA (miR) represents a new class of blood-based biomarkers for cancer liquid biopsy. The detection of miR at a very low concentration and with single-base discrimination without the need for sophisticated equipment, large volumes, or elaborate sample processing is a challenge. To address this, we present an approach...
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We discuss the physical mechanisms that promote or suppress the nucleation of a fluid-filled lumen inside a cell assembly or a tissue. We discuss lumen formation in a continuum theory of tissue material properties in which the tissue is described as a 2-fluid system to account for its permeation by...
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In 2 human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets (89 “ME” subjects; 12 “NA” subjects), we used signal decay properties to separate 2 kinds of signals: S0 artifacts, which were spatially specific, and T2* modulations, which occurred over the whole brain (1). We established that whole-brain (global) fMRI signals were...
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The variety of structures available to an individual RNA molecule through Watson/Crick and nonclassical interactions causes them to be conformationally dynamic; that is, any single RNA may exist in and transition among multiple configurations. Recently, single-molecule methodologies have made it possible to determine the number of RNA structures present in...
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Geometry and dimensionality of a reaction system are known to play an important role in determining the yield as well as the rate of the reaction, especially in simple bimolecular reactions (1–8). Recently, several results have been reported for reactions in small droplets, which include charged microdroplets (3), microdiameter emulsions...
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Heat shock (HS) initiates rapid, extensive, and evolutionarily conserved changes in transcription that are accompanied by chromatin decondensation and nucleosome loss at HS loci. Here we have employed in situ Hi-C to determine how heat stress affects long-range chromatin conformation in human and Drosophila cells. We found that compartments and...
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Social-cognitive skills can take different forms, from accurately predicting individuals’ intentions, emotions, and thoughts (person perception or folk psychology) to accurately predicting social phenomena more generally. Past research has linked autism spectrum (AS) traits to person perception deficits in the general population. We tested whether AS traits also predict poor...
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Aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases (aaRSs) are the largest protein family causatively linked to neurodegenerative Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease. Dominant mutations cause the disease, and studies of CMT disease-causing mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) showed their mutations create neomorphic structures consistent with a gain-of-function mechanism. In contrast, based on...
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In PNAS Kim et al. (1) detail congenitally blind individuals’ extensive knowledge of the visual appearance of animals. This is exciting and important work speaking directly to long-standing questions about the role of direct perceptual experience in semantic knowledge. Despite lacking visual input, blind people show substantial alignment with one...
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Gaze following has been argued to be uniquely human, facilitated by our depigmented, white sclera [M. Tomasello, B. Hare, H. Lehmann, J. Call, J. Hum. Evol. 52, 314–320 (2007)]—the pale area around the colored iris—and to underpin human-specific behaviors such as language. Today, we know that great apes show diverse...
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Two major ways in which humans learn is by direct sensory observation and gathering information from other minds through language. In our original paper, we attempt to tease apart the contributions of sensory experience from other sources of information, including linguistic communication, by comparing knowledge of appearance among individuals blind...
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People often laugh about being “no good at math.” Unrecognized, however, is that about one-third of American adults are likely too innumerate to operate effectively in financial and health environments. Two numeric competencies conceivably matter—objective numeracy (ability to “run the numbers” correctly; like literacy but with numbers) and numeric self-efficacy...
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Chemical and structural analysis of a photoactive vertebrate cryptochrome from pigeon [Biochemistry]
Computational and biochemical studies implicate the blue-light sensor cryptochrome (CRY) as an endogenous light-dependent magnetosensor enabling migratory birds to navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. Validation of such a mechanism has been hampered by the absence of structures of vertebrate CRYs that have functional photochemistry. Here we present crystal structures...
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Photosystem II (PSII), the light-driven water/plastoquinone photooxidoreductase, is of central importance in the planetary energy cycle. The product of the reaction, plastohydroquinone (PQH2), is released into the membrane from the QB site, where it is formed. A plastoquinone (PQ) from the membrane pool then binds into the QB site. Despite...
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The Chinese Communist Revolution that culminated in the 1949 founding of the People’s Republic of China fundamentally transformed class relations in China. With data from a nationally representative, longitudinal survey between 2010 and 2016, this study documents the long-term impact of the Communist Revolution on the social stratification order in...
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Cranial kinesis and avian palate evolution S. chaoyangensis specimen IVPP V19058. Cranial kinesis—relative movement between the braincase and the upper jaw—occurs in most living birds. The origin of this ability is poorly understood due to a lack of palatal elements preserved in the fossil record. Han Hu et al. (pp....
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The conformation of water around proteins is of paramount importance, as it determines protein interactions. Although the average water properties around the surface of proteins have been provided experimentally and computationally, protein surfaces are highly heterogeneous. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the correlations of water to the local distributions...
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Abstract Introduction Controlling gene expression is a fundamental goal of basic and synthetic biology because it allows insight into cellular function and control of cellular activity. We explored the possibility of generating an optogenetic repressor of gene expression in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using light to control the nuclear localization of nuclease-dead Cas9, dCas9. ...
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AimTo assess whether an enhanced category combining suicides with nonsuicide drug self-intoxication fatalities more effectively captures the burden of self-injury mortality (SIM) in the USA among US non-Hispanic black and Hispanic populations and women irrespective of race/ethnicity.MethodsThis observational study used deidentified national mortality data for 2008–2017 from the CDC’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. SIM comprised suicides by any method and age at death plus...
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Many of our most persistent public health problems are complex problems. They arise from a web of factors that interact and change over time and may exhibit resistance to intervention efforts. The domain of systems science provides several tools to help injury prevention researchers and practitioners examine deep, complex and persistent problems and identify opportunities to intervene. Using the increase in pedestrian death rates as an example, we provide (1) an accessible overview of how complex...
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Cancers, Vol. 11, Pages 1424: DNA Methylation of Enhancer Elements in Myeloid Neoplasms: Think Outside the Promoters? Cancers doi: 10.3390/cancers11101424 Authors: Raquel Ordoñez Nicolás Martínez-Calle Xabier Agirre Felipe Prosper Gene regulation through DNA methylation is a well described phenomenon that has a prominent role in physiological and pathological cell-states. This epigenetic modification is usually grouped in regions denominated CpG islands, which frequently co-localize...
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Cancers, Vol. 11, Pages 1423: Unraveling Heterogeneity in Epithelial Cell Fates of the Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer Cancers doi: 10.3390/cancers11101423 Authors: Alexandr Samocha Hanna Doh Kai Kessenbrock Jeroen P. Roose Fluidity in cell fate or heterogeneity in cell identity is an interesting cell biological phenomenon, which at the same time poses a significant obstacle for cancer therapy. The mammary gland seems a relatively straightforward organ with stromal cells and...
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Cancers, Vol. 11, Pages 1422: The Emerging Roles of mTORC1 in Macromanaging Autophagy Cancers doi: 10.3390/cancers11101422 Authors: Akpedje S. Dossou Alakananda Basu Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that enables the cell to survive when faced with starvation or stressful conditions. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as the mammalian target of rapamycin, plays a critical role in maintaining a balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. mTOR complex...
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Cancers, Vol. 11, Pages 1421: Impact of Fibroblast-Derived SPARC on Invasiveness of Colorectal Cancer Cells Cancers doi: 10.3390/cancers11101421 Authors: Daniel Drev Felix Harpain Andrea Beer Anton Stift Elisabeth S. Gruber Martin Klimpfinger Sabine Thalhammer Andrea Reti Lukas Kenner Michael Bergmann Brigitte Marian Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein modulating cell-matrix interactions and was found up-regulated...
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Giant ankyrin-G (gAnkG) coordinates assembly of axon initial segments (AISs), which are sites of action potential generation located in proximal axons of most vertebrate neurons. Here, we identify a mechanism required for normal neural development in humans that ensures ordered recruitment of gAnkG and β4-spectrin to the AIS. We identified...
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Prior knowledge about the probabilistic structure of visual environments is necessary to resolve ambiguous information about objects in the world. Expectations based on stimulus regularities exert a powerful influence on human perception and decision making by improving the efficiency of information processing. Another type of prior knowledge, termed top-down attention,...
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Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolding of the normal prion protein into an infectious cellular pathogen. Clinically characterized by rapidly progressive dementia and accounting for 85% of human prion disease cases, sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) is the prevalent human prion disease. Although sCJD neuropathological hallmarks are well-known,...
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Neural mechanisms of attention are extensively studied in the neocortex; comparatively little is known about how subcortical regions contribute to attention. The superior colliculus (SC) is an evolutionarily conserved, subcortical (midbrain) structure that has been implicated in controlling visuospatial attention. Yet how the SC contributes mechanistically to attention remains unknown....
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Power et al. (1) provide convincing evidence that multiecho independent components analysis (ME-ICA) effectively differentiates blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) from non-BOLD, or artifactual, signals in functional MRI (fMRI) data. Critically, ME-ICA removes spurious, distance-dependent effects caused by head motion in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses, which have confounded many group...
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The ability of neurons to integrate convergent inputs and generate action potentials, the physiological currency of activity, relies on the axon initial segment (AIS). This specialized segment of the proximal axon is the site of electrogenesis in neurons (1), reflecting its striking enrichment in voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV). The AIS...
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Cell Research, Published online: 24 September 2019; doi:10.1038/s41422-019-0231-yBH3-only proteins target BCL-xL/MCL-1, not BAX/BAK, to initiate apoptosis
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Cells, Vol. 8, Pages 1141: Impact of Diabetic Stress Conditions on Renal Cell Metabolome Cells doi: 10.3390/cells8101141 Authors: Lagies Bork Kaminski Troendle Zimmermann Huber Walz Lienkamp Kammerer Diabetic kidney disease is a major complication in diabetes mellitus, and the most common reason for end-stage renal disease. Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus encounter glomerular damage by basement membrane thickening, and develop albuminuria. Subsequently,...
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Cells, Vol. 8, Pages 1140: The Role of miRNAs in Immune Cell Development, Immune Cell Activation, and Tumor Immunity: With a Focus on Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells Cells doi: 10.3390/cells8101140 Authors: Shi Jun Xu Hong Tao Hu Hai Liang Li Suhwan Chang The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the primary arena where tumor cells and the host immune system interact. Bidirectional communication between tumor cells and the associated stromal cell types within the TME influences...
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Cells, Vol. 8, Pages 1139: Ketamine Increases Proliferation of Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal Progenitor Cells via Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 and Independent of the NMDA Receptor Cells doi: 10.3390/cells8101139 Authors: Alessandra Grossert Narges Zare Mehrjardi Sarah J. Bailey Mark A. Lindsay Jürgen Hescheler Tomo Šarić Nicole Teusch The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine offers promising perspectives for the treatment of major depressive disorder....
17h
Cells, Vol. 8, Pages 1137: Vacuolar H+-ATPase Subunit V0C Regulates Aerobic Glycolysis of Esophageal Cancer Cells via PKM2 Signaling Cells doi: 10.3390/cells8101137 Authors: Sung Wook Son Gia Cac Chau Seong-Tae Kim Sung Hee Um The vacuolar H+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit V0C (ATP6V0C), a proton-conducting, pore-forming subunit of vacuolar ATPase, maintains pH homeostasis and induces organelle acidification. The intracellular and extracellular pH of cancer cells...
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Cells, Vol. 8, Pages 1138: “Hierarchy” and “Holacracy”; A Paradigm of the Hematopoietic System Cells doi: 10.3390/cells8101138 Authors: Takafumi Yokota The mammalian hematopoietic system has long been viewed as a hierarchical paradigm in which a small number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are located at the apex. HSCs were traditionally thought to be homogeneous and quiescent in a homeostatic state. However, recent observations, through extramedullary hematopoiesis and clonal assays,...
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Cells, Vol. 8, Pages 1135: MiR-20b Down-Regulates Intestinal Ferroportin Expression In Vitro and In Vivo Cells doi: 10.3390/cells8101135 Authors: Shuxia Jiang Xi Fang Mingni Liu Yingdong Ni Wenqiang Ma Ruqian Zhao Ferroportin (FPN) is the only known cellular iron exporter in mammalian. However, post-transcriptional regulation of intestinal FPN has not yet been completely understood. In this study, bioinformatics algorithms (TargetScan, PicTar, PITA, and miRanda) were applied...
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Cells, Vol. 8, Pages 1136: New Frontiers: ARID3a in SLE Cells doi: 10.3390/cells8101136 Authors: Joshua Garton M. David Barron Michelle L. Ratliff Carol F. Webb Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a devastating and heterogeneous autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, and for which the underlying causes are unknown. The majority of SLE patients produce autoantibodies, have increased levels of type-I inflammatory cytokines, and can develop glomerulonephritis. Recent...
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