Sources of ionizing radiation and their biological effects: An interdisciplinary view, from the physics to cell and molecular biology Veronica L Martinez Marignac, Leonel Mondragon, José Luis Favant Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):129-138 Exposure to the IR is common to certain people like professionals handling radioactive materials or to the patients undergoing radio-diagnostics and radiotherapy or as millions of people who travel by air are exposed by X-rays scanning every day. Though it is indirect cause, IR may trigger mutation in healthy cells which further induces molecular alterations. It's known that ionizing radiation generates free radicals from cytoplasmic water and ultimately induces biomolecules lesions such as DNA damage. These damages may lead to neoplasm in normal and healthy cells however IR is not by itself a recognized and indisputable carcinogen present in the environment. In order to develop some type of cancer, they have to interact within the organisms and cells with other multiple factors of high complexity from physiological to environmental components (genetics of the living being, cellular microenvironment, epigenetic factors, environmental conditions, and others, perhaps still unknown). Here we discuss and present IR effect on living cells, ways of damage determination and compounds reported as radioprotectors.

Immunotherapy in breast cancer Nematollah Rostami, Zeinab Mazloumi, Fatemeh Shaabanpour Aghamaleki, Sima kianpour Rad, Abolfazl Movafagh, Mojgan Sheikhpour Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):139-143 Over the last few years, the developments around cancer immunotherapy have led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of many different cancers and leukemias, in particular, melanoma, renal, bladder, and lung cancers with a remarkable impact on response rate and most importantly, overall survival was noticed. Breast cancer is most commonly considered to be a “noninflamed” cancer, and hence, this shift has been less marked within its treatment. However, some subsets of breast cancer, most notably triple-negative breast cancer, are deemed to be more “inflamed” and therefore may prove to be an appropriate cohort for immunotherapy.

Association between Cyclin D1 G870A gene polymorphism and risk of multiple myeloma Saeid Sabzalizadeh-Ardabili, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Fereshteh Hosseini-Valiki, Omolbanin Amjadi, Malek Abbaspourkharyeki Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):144-148 Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) primarily origins from terminally differentiated B cells. The Cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene polymorphism is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 in exon 4, and coding of the Cyclin D1 protein is reported in MM. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between CCND1 polymorphism and MM in northern part of Iran. Materials and Methods: This case–control study was performed on 87 patients with MM (case group) and 70 healthy individuals (control group). The population was selected from Touba Clinic, the largest referral center in Mazandaran province, Iran. Data analysis was done in SPSS software version 19. Results: The participants were aged 18–83 years (mean age: 53.8 ± 16.7 years), including 72 (45.9%) males and 85 (54.1%) females. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for GG genotype was found to be significant (aOR = 4.28, confidence interval [CI] 95% = 1.21–15.13). In addition, the presence of G allele compared to allele A increased the odds ratio (OR) of MM (OR = 2.28, CI 95% = 1.45–3.57). The age and sex aOR by age and sex was 2.08, CI 95% = 1.10–3.93. Conclusion: The current study elucidated that, unlike most previous surveys on Cyclin D1 G870A gene polymorphism that associated AA genotype with various types of malignancies, the GG genotype is a risk factor for MM.

Macroscopic and histologic study of colorectal polyps: A cross-sectional study from Iran Mahsa Ahadi, Afshin Morad, Elena Jamali, Behrang Kazeminejad, Tahmineh Mollasharifi, Arash Dehghan, Abolfazl Movafagh, Sara Zahedifard, Paniz Fathi Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):149-154 Background: Polyp occurrence in the colon or rectum often raises question and distress for patients and their family. Due to the proven effects of geographic variations and nutritional habits on the incidence of these polyps, the difference in Iranian lifestyle habits, and the cost of screening, conducting an accurate study on aforementioned factors looks essential. In the current study, we aimed to assess various characteristics of this important group of disease. Materials and Methods: In this research work, sex, age, location, and macroscopic and pathologic features of 295 specimens from 200 patients, which are sent to the pathology unit of Shohada-e-Tajrish Referral Hospital (2014–2016) as a colonic polyp or reported as a colonic polyp, were investigated. Results: Our results are similar to Western countries revealing the polyp prevalence is greater in men and higher in >50 years old, located more in rectum, commonly with sessile appearance and the most pathologic types are adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps. The prevalence of ascending colon polyps rises after 50 years old (P = 0.007). There is a meaningful relationship between age and macroscopic features (P = 0.02). Polyps which are sent from >50-year-old patients and the right side of the colon carry a higher risk for malignancy (P = 0.00). Pedunculated polyps are more prone to be neoplastic (P = 0.00). The prevalence of pedunculated polyps and right-sided polyps, which were sent from the right side, is more in men. Sessile serrated polyps/adenomas were more common in men and were located in the proximal part of the colon (P = 0.005), although unexpectedly two of them were sent from the sigmoid colon. As expected, villous adenomas just were sent from the distal part of the colon and rectum. Two phytobezoars were sent as a colonic polyp. Polyposis syndromes have low incidence; their prevalence was equal in both age (P = 0.124) and sex (P = 1). Conclusions: Based on our research work, further studies into the characteristics of polyps in Iranian lifestyle habits would be of great interest.

Flow cytometry immunophenotypic diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas on fine-needle aspirate of lymph node Khondoker Hafiza Khanom, Shirin Tarafder, Humayun Sattar Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):155-160 Introduction: B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are divided into low and high grade, typically corresponding to indolent (slow-growing) lymphomas and aggressive lymphomas, respectively. In recent years, flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) has become an important tool in the diagnosis of mature lymphoid neoplasms and the determination of prognosis in selected cases. Objective: The aim of this study was to diagnose B-cell NHL by FCI on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of lymph node following immunophenotypic diagnostic criteria based on the expression of CD markers. Patients and Methods: All samples were preliminary assessed by FNA cytology as NHL or lymphoproliferative disorder. FCI was performed with a complete panel of antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD5, CD7, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD23, CD22, CD25, CD30, CD45, CD79a, CD79b, CD95, CD56, FMC7, CD40, CD15, Kappa, Lambda, and Bcl-2) by dual-color flow cytometry. FCI data were interpreted to diagnose and subclassify NHL according to the WHO classification. Wherever possible, the diagnoses were compared with available immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: During 1-year period (from March 2016 to February 2017), 31 cases of NHL were diagnosed by FCI of which 16 (51.6%) cases were B-cell NHL. Among 16 cases of B-cell lymphoma, 1 case (6.25%) was follicular lymphoma; 10 cases (62.5%) were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); 2 cases (12.5%) were mantle cell lymphoma; 2 cases (12.5%) were small lymphocytic lymphoma; and 1 case (6.25%) was found to be B-cell prolymphocytic lymphoma. Monoclonal or polyclonal B cells with positive CD45, CD19, CD20, CD79a, and CD79b were found in all types. There was variation in CD5, CD23, CD10, Bcl-2, and FCM7. Identification by FCI is 40.3% higher in DLBCL than IHC. Conclusion: Application of FCI from FNA sample enhanced the diagnostic potential and avoiding the need for invasive surgical biopsies. Misdiagnosis can be avoided and help the physician to plan the treatment regimen accordingly.

Evaluation of tumor thickness in three dimensions on magnetic resonance imaging and its comparison with final histopathology in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue Ankur Verma, Ashish Singhal, Rahat Hadi, Pradyuman Singh, Gaurav Raj Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):161-166 Context: Tongue is a three dimensional structure and assessment of accurate tumor extent is important for surgical planning. Various imaging modalities are used to assess the dimensions and depth of tumor like MRI, CECT, and clinical examination with doubtful accuracy. Aim: To evaluate tumor thickness in three dimensions on MRI and whether it correlates well with final histopathology so as to assess its reliability in staging and planning treatment. Material and Methods: Fifty patients with biopsy proven squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue who were planned for surgery and willing to participate in the study were included. These patients underwent MRI to analyse tumor thickness and extent of tumor spread in three planes and it is correlated with final histopathology to assess the reliability of MRI in preoperative assessment. Setting and Design: This is a prospective study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital and research centre. Correlation and linear regression analysis were used to study the relationship between tumor dimensions in MRI and correlated with the results on final histopathology. Result: In this prospective study, we studied fifty cases of carcinoma tongue of which 38 were males and 12 were females. Mean age was 49 years. The tumor thickness on MRI correlated well with final histopathology and most values fell below the 1:1 (x=y) line of agreement. Also, depth of invasion on histopathology was correlated with MRI which also related well to the histopathology taking into account the shrinkage. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between the MRI T staging and final histopathology and it is found that MRI findings and depth correlated well with final histopathology taking into account the shrinkage factor.

Uterine lipoleiomyoma in peri- and post-menopausal women: A report of three cases Satya Dutta, Biswajit Dey, Sairem Mangolnganbi Chanu, Vandana Raphael, Yookarin Khonglah Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):167-170 Lipoleiomyoma is a very uncommon lipomatous tumor of the uterus, composed of smooth muscles intermixed with mature adipocytes. Herein, we report three cases of uterine lipoleiomyoma. All the patients were peri- and post-menopausal. Except for one lipoleiomyoma in the broad ligament, the other two were found in the uterine corpus. Lipoleiomyomas have a benign clinical course.

Recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastases involving skin and blood vessels Antoaneta T Gateva, Tatyana D Hadjieva, Zdravko A Kamenov Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):171-173 We present a clinical case of a 73-year-old female with a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) since 1982 when thyroidectomy and adjuvant radioiodine (radioactive iodine [RAI]) treatment were performed. The patient was lost to follow-up until 2007 when a recurrence/persistence of the same PTC was present. The second operation and RAI treatment were performed. Around 2015, she noticed a lump in the same region, and in 2016, SPEC-CT revealed 131-I uptake in the left cervical lymph metastases with massive skin invasion. In May 2017, two skin ulcerations on the left neck and jugulum due to skin infiltration and tumor necrosis were present. Fine-needle biopsy proved infiltration by papillary carcinoma without dedifferentiation. Ultrasound examination revealed a massive tumor invasion of the internal jugular vein with tumor thrombosis. This case emphasizes the importance of methodical follow-up as recommended for early detection and adequate treatment of recurrent and/or persistent disease till the end of the patient's life.

Multiple myeloma presenting as evans syndrome Mansoor C Abdulla Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 2019 8(4):174-175