The interrelationship between urinary cotinine and nicotine dependence among tobacco users in an Indian de-addiction centre: A cohort pilot study Publication date: October–December 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 4 Author(s): Nalini M. Vinoth Kumar, Shahnawaz Khijmatgar, Avidyuti Chowdhury, Martin Gootveld, Edward Lynch, Chitta Chowdhury

Factors influencing fluoride release in atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) materials: A review Publication date: October–December 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 4 Author(s): P.Divya Kumari, Shahnawaz Khijmatgar, Avidyuti Chowdhury, Edward Lynch, Chitta R. Chowdhury Abstract Objectives The purpose of this article was to review the fluoride release and uptake ability of some restorative materials which are used for minimally invasive procedures. Methods The literature search on published researches and review articles were carried out by using PubMed, Trip and Cochrane library databases. The search terms used were fluoride, restorative materials, atraumatic restorative treatment or ART, glass ionomer or GIC, resin modified glass ionomer cement or RMGIC. The articles included were between 2000 and 2015. Conclusion Fluoride release varies with m factors including the type of restorative materials used and also the media in which it is stored. Fluoride uptake is dependent on the type of the cement and the availability of fluoride including fluoride releasing capacity in the material.

Proposed clinical definition for oral submucous fibrosis Publication date: October–December 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 4 Author(s): Chandramani B. More, Naman R. Rao Abstract Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is an insidious, chronic, complex, crippling, debilitating, irreversible, progressive, scarring, potentially malignant and collagen metabolic disorder, induced by a known carcinogen areca nut; wherein the oral mucosa, and occasionally the pharynx and esophagus is subjected to various pathological changes with significant clinical manifestations at different stages of progression, leading to functional morbidity; and with a risk of malignant transformation in the overlying epithelium. Although the condition is mainly diagnosed based on classic clinical manifestations, the commonly used existing definition for oral submucous fibrosis is primarily based on histological features. The authors have conducted extensive clinical research studies on OSMF and intends to propose a new clinical definition as ‘a debilitating, progressive, irreversible collagen metabolic disorder induced by chronic chewing of areca nut and its commercial preparations; affecting the oral mucosa and occasionally the pharynx and esophagus; leading to mucosal stiffness and functional morbidity; and has a potential risk of malignant transformation.’ Thus, a new clinical definition is put forward so as to assist the academicians, researchers and clinicians in terming and grouping this disease according to its clinical and biological behaviour for its subsequent management.

A cone beam computed tomographic analysis of the greater palatine foramen in a cohort of Sri Lankans Publication date: October–December 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 4 Author(s): Manil C.N. Fonseka, P.V.Kalani S. Hettiarachchi, Rasika M. Jayasinghe, Ruwan D. Jayasinghe, C. Deepthi Nanayakkara Abstract Objectives To determine the size and position of the Greater Palatine Foramen using CBCT Materials and method GPF was evaluated on 50 CBCT's which were obtained at the Division of Oral Medicine and Radiology, FDS, University of Peradeniya, The distance of each GPF to the mid maxillary suture (MMS), Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS), relationship of the GPF to the molar teeth and diameter were measured in different orthogonal planes using measurement tools integrated to the CBCT software. Results Mean diameter of the GPF in females and males were 3.72 mm for the right and 3.31 mm for the left and 4.56 mm and 4.30 mm. The antero-posterior distance measured from the ANS to mid GPF in axial sections among females was 45.70 mm and 44.81 mm for the right and left respectively whereas for males it was 48.37 mm and 47.6 mm. The distances in axial sections were 14.82 and 15.14 mm for right and left sides in females whereas in males it was 15.50 and 15.67 mm from the MMS. The same measurement in the coronal plane was 14.93 mm and 15.22 mm for females for the right and left GPF and was 15.63 mm and 15.49 mm in males respectively. There was a significant difference between the distance of ANS to the GPF on both sides and the diameters of GPF in both males and females (p < 0.005). Conclusion A significant difference was seen between the mean distance from the ANS to the GPF in left and right sides and the diameter of the GPF on the sides among the genders.

Antimicrobial effects of various platelet rich concentrates-vibes from in-vitro studies-a systematic review Publication date: October–December 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 4 Author(s): Shailesh Varshney, Anshuman Dwivedi, Vibha Pandey Abstract Aim The aim of the current review was to outline the existing information related to antimicrobial properties of various platelet concentrates, as experimented in various in-vitro studies. Background One of the most interesting recent landmarks in the field of biological therapy has been the discovery that platelets, in addition to being capable of releasing hundreds of proteins and growth factors, can also release immunomodulatory agents with antimicrobial activity. Several international research groups have reported antimicrobial activities in both human platelets and other types of platelet rich plasma preparations. Review Result This review was carried-out pursuing a systematic approach. An electronic search was conducted on MEDLINE and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases using suitable search terminologies. It included preclinical studies which assessed the antimicrobial activity of Autologous Platelet Concentrates(APC).Ten in-vitro studies and one animal study, which investigated APC effects on various microorganisms, were included. Almost in all the included in-vitro studies, it was found that complete breakdown of microbial load could not be achieved by any of the APC preparations but there occurred a reduction in the growth of microorganisms. Thus APCs displayed a bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal activity.The only animal study included in this review which had both in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation, also showed reduction of infection caused by different microorganisms. Conclusion Although the precise mechanism of synergy with microbial pathogens needs further validation, platelet concentrates proved to have antimicrobial properties.

Antibacterial activity of new atraumatic restorative treatment materials incorporated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) against Streptococcus mutans Publication date: October–December 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 4 Author(s): P. Divya Kumari, Shilpa M. Shenoy, Shahnawaz Khijmatgar, Avidyuti Chowdhury, Edward Lynch, Chitta R. Chowdhury Abstract Background The antibacterial property of new atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) materials incorporated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) on Streptococcus mutans was carried out. Materials and methods The study was carried out by using the agar diffusion method to determine the antibacterial property of ART materials (ART-I and ART-II). The zone of inhibition was tabulated, and the data was statistically analyzed using the student t-test. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the ethanolic extract of Neem were recorded. Results The MIC and MBC of the mixture of the ethanolic extract of Neem was 3.13% and 12.5% respectively. The zone of inhibition of ART-I and ART-II was 11.81 mm and 11.97 mm respectively. Significant differences were observed between these two ART materials (P = 0,08). Conclusion Both the new ART materials i.e. ART-I and ART–II have considerable antibacterial activity against S. mutans.

Scan time, reliability and accuracy of craniofacial measurements using a 3D light scanner Publication date: Available online 7 July 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research Author(s): Camilla Franco de Sá Gomes, Mylena Ranieri Libdy, David Normando Abstract Aim To evaluate time, reliability and accuracy of craniofacial measurements with a 3D light scanner, considering prior demarcation of surface points on the face. Materials and methods Eleven facial measurements of 15 volunteers were obtained by a scanner (Artec Eva TM) and by a caliper directly on the face, with or without demarcation of facial reference points. Inter and intra-method comparison were examined by intraclass correlation coefficient and analysis of random error by the Dahlberg formula. Agreement between the methods was analyzed by the Bland-Altman. A Wilcoxon test was used to compare the time for each method, at p < 0.05. Results Marking points on the face improved accuracy for both methods. In the inter-methods analysis with landmarks, the scanner showed excellent reliability in all measures (ICC = 0.92–0.97, p < 0.0001). Measurements accuracy with scanner was around 2 mm when the points were not previously marked and about 1 mm when the points were marked. Measures taken with the scanner, however, took twice as long, compared with the direct method. Conclusions Craniofacial measurements obtained with scanner showed excellent reliability and accuracy, which qualifies this method for clinical and scientific use. Accuracy is improved when the points were previously marked on face. However, the time needed to obtain measurements is greater than about 4 min for the direct method.

Loricrin expression and its implication in oral submucous fibrosis, hyperkeratosis and normal mucosa with association to habits – An immunohistochemical study Publication date: July–September 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 3 Author(s): Nithya S, Elizabeth Joshua, Ranganathan K, Rooban Thavarajah, Umadevi K. Rao Abstract Objective The coarse fibres of areca nut and the continuous friction from occluding teeth are major causes of mechanical stress to the oral mucosa in conditions like oral submucous fibrosis and frictional keratosis. The continuous micro trauma provided in areca nut chewers, creates an environment where the keratinocytes exhibit alteration. Loricrin, is expressed abundantly in keratinizing epithelium in response to mechanical stress. Their expression or absence could play a role in malignant transformation. This study attempts to assess the potential of Loricrin as an early diagnostic marker in patients with chewing habit. Methods 73 archival samples of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens histopathologically confirmed, were segregated as normal mucosa 11, hyperkeratotic 32 and oral submucous fibrosis 30 and stained with antibodies to Loricrin and graded as negative, mild, moderate and intense based on the staining intensity. Pearson's chi square test was done for statistical analysis. Results Loricrin expression was observed in all groups with staining in the stratum granulosum showing a significant association to habits (P = 0.000). Conclusion This prominent staining indicates a compensatory cytoskeletal rearrangement of surface epithelium during cell division in early oral submucous fibrosis showing potential as an early marker of the condition.

Salivary Flow Alteration in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Schizophrenia: Disease-Drug-Target Gene/Protein Association Study for Side-effects Publication date: July–September 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 3 Author(s): Anusa Arunachalam Mohandoss, Rooban Thavarajah Abstract Background Salivary flow alteration (SA), is a known unwarranted effect of schizophrenic medications. It manifest either as reduced (xerostomia) or increased (sialorrhea) SA, among treated schizophrenic patients. It is believed that the SA is due to action of the drugs/disease process involving the muscarinic receptor-3 to process acetyl choline, the common neurotransmitter. The genetic mediation behind the SA in such patients remains largely unexplored. We aimed to address the same by using curated literary databases to identify such relationship, if any existed. Material and methods Curated databases of Gene-Disease Association, www.DisGeNet.org and www.networkanalyst.ca were effectively used to identify the probable genes, strength of association and the drug-genes pathway that could be possibly be involved. The genes associated with schizophrenia and SA were analyzed in detail. Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network proven experimentally in humans were used to identify the missing or unreported links. Results In all 28 genes associated with schizophrenia were linked to SA. The genetic network of schizophrenia and xerostomia involved FGFR2 gene prominently and network module was statistically significant (P = 9.87*10−8) was achieved that had xerostomia as a node, while schizophrenia (P = 0.025) had statistical significance. Sialorrhea had no statistical significance (P = 0.555). When schizophrenia and sialorrhea connections were analyzed for genetic interaction, only gene GCH1 emerged. On combining the three disease entities, the association of TAC1 gene with sialorrhea was also identified. Using PPI, the coordination of CHRM3, TAC1 and GPRASP1 gene were identified. This network involved several genes that has significant influence on calcium signaling pathway (P = 7.74*10−16), cholingeric synapse(P = 6 × 10−4), salivary secretion(P = 4.38*10-3), endocytosis(P = 8.23*10−4), TGFβ signaling pathway(P = 0.0031), gap junction (P = 4.08*10-3) and glutamergic synapse(P = 6.4*10−3). The involvement of G-receptor signaling protein product, GNAQ was established. Discussion and conclusion The possible genetic pathway of SA in schizophrenic patients are discussed in light of pharmacotherapeutics. Using the knowledge effectively would help to increase the quality of life of schizophrenic besides increasing the understanding to use saliva as a biomarker of prognosis of schizophrenia and its drug effects.

Tomographic evaluation of dentoskeletal changes due to the treatment of class II malocclusion with Forsus appliance Publication date: July–September 2019 Source: Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, Volume 9, Issue 3 Author(s): Antonio Carlos Sakuno, Ana Paula Barbisan da Rosa, Fernando Akio Maeda, Tarcila Trivino, Paulo Eduardo Guedes Carvalho, Fernando César Torres Abstract Purpose This study evaluated dentoalveolar skeletal changes promoted by the Forsus appliance, associated to fixed orthodontic appliance, in the correction of Class II, division 1 malocclusion, from Computed Tomography (CT). Methods sample consisted of 10 youngsters (7 males and 3 females), with a mean age of 13.86 years. Two Forsus® models were installed after the alignment and leveling phase of the teeth. Two tomographic images of each patient, T1 and T2 (initial and immediately after removal of Forsus® appliance) were done to perform the anatomical tracings and obtain the variables of interest. The data were described by means and standard deviations. For the comparison between the initial and final phases, the paired “t” test was used and a significance level of 5% was considered (p < 0.05). Results small skeletal changes were observed, such as posterior maxillary displacement and a slight mandibular growth. Larger dentoalveolar changes occurred as extrusion, retrusion and lingualization of upper incisors; Intrusion, protrusion and vestibularization of the lower incisors; Mesialization and extrusion of lower molars. Conclusion Considering the patients evaluated in this study, Forsus® presented similar results to other mandibular propulsion appliances, with dentoalveolar effects that favored Class II correction, however, with very slight skeletal modifications.