Background Although patients with prostate cancer face many treatment options, to the authors' knowledge the comparative effects of different surgical and radiotherapy (RT) options on sexual function are unclear. Methods In the current study, a population‐based cohort of 835 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer from 2011 through 2013 was recruited throughout North Carolina in collaboration with the Rapid Case Ascertainment system of the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry. All men were...
Sun Jun 30, 2019 17:24
Expression of MFF regulates prostate cancer stem-cell self-renewal and tumorigenicity.
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Research suggests that the cell death mechanism known as ferroptosis boosts the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors. The work indicates that CD8+ T cells trigger ferroptosis in cancer cells by releasing IFN, which then disrupts uptake of the amino acid cystine. Further experiments in mice with ovarian tumors established that T cells can induce ferroptosis in vivo.
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Tagraxofusp-erzs is an effective therapy for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic-cell neoplasm, according to recently published results from a multistage trial that led to the drug's 2018 approval. In the trial, the drug elicited high overall response rates, and many patients went on to receive a stem-cell transplant. However, it also caused some serious side effects.
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Since 2017, the NCI-COG Pediatric MATCH trial has been investigating whether matching patients to targeted therapies based on genomic alterations in their tumors can be applied to kids. Interim results from the trial indicate that children and adolescents with a wide range of cancers can be successfully screened for tumor mutations and prescribed a targeted therapy.
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Disruption of epigenetic regulation is a hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but epigenetic therapy is complicated by the complexity of the epigenome. Herein, we developed a long-term primary AML ex vivo platform to determine whether targeting different epigenetic layers with 5-azacytidine and LSD1 inhibitors would yield improved efficacy. This combination was most effective in TET2mut AML, where it extinguished leukemia stem cells and particularly induced genes with both LSD1-bound enhancers...
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According to preliminary data from the phase I/Ib STARTRK-NG trial, the investigational multikinase inhibitor entrectinib showed efficacy in children and adolescents with CNS and other tumor types harboring NTRK1/2/3, ROS1, or ALK fusions. Durable responses were seen even in CNS tumors such as high-grade glioma.
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GITR agonism and anti–PD-1 therapy reduces Tregs and reinvigorates exhausted CD8+ T-cell activity.
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Colorectal cancer rates in patients younger than 50 are climbing, leaving researchers scrambling to understand why. To this end, two research centers have launched that are devoted to studying early-onset disease: The centers will treat younger patients—and advance research efforts by gathering comprehensive data on every aspect of their disease.
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Summary:Understanding resistance to BCL2 inhibition is a critical scientific and clinical challenge. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, two laboratories use unbiased approaches of large loss-of-function CRISPR/Cas 9 screens to discover targetable liabilities in cell signaling and metabolism to acute myeloid leukemia resistant to BCL2 inhibition. See related article by Chen et al., p. 890. See related article by Nechiporuk et al., p. 910.
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Two studies that relied on CRISPR to uncover synthetic lethal targets point to the WRN helicase as a prime candidate. The protein's helicase function is necessary for survival and growth of cancer cells with microsatellite instability. Two other independent studies came to similar conclusions.
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The extraordinary activity of high-dose cyclophosphamide against some high-grade lymphomas was described nearly 60 years ago. Here we address mechanisms that mediate cyclophosphamide activity in bona fide human double-hit lymphoma. We show that antibody resistance within the bone marrow (BM) is not present upon early engraftment but develops during lymphoma progression. This resistance required a high tumor:macrophage ratio, was recapitulated in spleen by partial macrophage depletion, and was overcome...
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The tumorigenic potential of tumor-initiating cells (TIC) is dependent upon the methionine cycle.
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Tumor-initiating stem cells exhibit enhanced resistance to immunotherapy via expression of CD80.
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Endogenous DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in unstressed cells occur upon release of RNA polymerase II.
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WWP1 antagonizes the tumor-suppressive functions of PTEN in regulating PI3K/AKT signaling.
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TMEM176B inhibits activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, linking adaptive and innate antitumor responses.
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A dominant-negative mutant of the transcription factor musculin was identified in ALK-negative ALCL.
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Binding of PD-L1 to CD80 in cis disrupts its binding to PD-1 and restricts PD-1-mediated T-cell suppression.
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During cancer progression, tumor cells undergo molecular and phenotypic changes collectively referred to as cellular plasticity. Such changes result from microenvironmental cues, stochastic genetic and epigenetic alterations, and/or treatment-imposed selective pressures, thereby contributing to tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance. Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity is the best-known case of tumor cell plasticity, but recent work has uncovered other examples, often with functional consequences....
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Deletion or inhibition of CBM signaling in Tregs promotes an intratumoral Th1-like immune reaction.
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To study mechanisms underlying resistance to the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we used a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify gene knockouts resulting in drug resistance. We validated TP53, BAX, and PMAIP1 as genes whose inactivation results in venetoclax resistance in AML cell lines. Resistance to venetoclax resulted from an inability to execute apoptosis driven by BAX loss, decreased expression of BCL2, and/or reliance on alternative BCL2 family members such as...
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Loss of the m6A reader YTHDF2 compromises leukemic stem-cell activity while promoting normal HSC expansion.
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Vascular proximity gives rise to metabolic zonation in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment.
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Neoantigens derived from oncogenic gene fusions can elicit T-cell responses in tumors with low TMB.
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Cancer cells exhibit tissue-specific dependencies on various NAD biosynthetic pathways for survival.
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The heterodimeric KMT9 complex regulates prostate cancer cell proliferation via H4K12 monomethylation.
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Cholesterol increases expression of exhaustion markers in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells.
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RB loss in lung adenocarcinoma promotes loss of cell-state factors and increased metastasis.
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Loss of BAP1 induces malignant transformation in human cholangiocyte organoids.
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Combined treatment with axitinib and pembrolizumab achieved partial responses in patients with ASPS.
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Neural progenitors cross the blood–brain barrier and infiltrate prostate tumors to drive neurogenesis.
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Howard "Skip" Burris III, MD; Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, MD; and Joan S. Brugge, PhD, are profiled.
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Summary:In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Driehuis and colleagues establish culture conditions for the rapid, efficient, and long-term expansion of healthy human oral mucosa and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor organoids. The HNSCC tumor organoids provide a functional platform for analyzing tumor cell phenotype, tumorigenic potential, and drug and radiotherapy response, and they have a potential role in clinical decision-making. See related article by Driehuis et al., p. 852....
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Autologous immune cells genetically engineered to target B-cell maturation antigen can help patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma achieve deep molecular remissions with minimal neurotoxicity, according to initial data from a phase I trial.
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Summary:Macrophages modulate tumor response to chemotherapy; in this issue, Lossos and colleagues show that high-dose alkylating agents instigate a synthetic lethal program in lymphoma cells that is independent of DNA damage and involves recruitment and priming of macrophages for antibody-mediated tumor phagocytosis. These findings implicate chemotherapy-elicited macrophages as critical effectors of lymphoma clearance during biological therapy. See related article by Lossos et al., p. 944.
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To demonstrate the potential of real-world evidence generated from real-world data, Foundation Medicine and Flatiron Health teamed up to create a large-scale clinico-genomic database. The database, which links clinical and genomic data gathered from patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated in community practices, was validated in a recent study.
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