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Δευτέρα 22 Απριλίου 2019

Epigenetics and the Microbiome


  • Meirav Pevsner-Fischer
  • Niv Zmora
  • Sofia Braverman
  • Eran ElinavEmail author
  1. 1.
Reference work entry
First Online: 05 January 2019

Abstract

The gut-resident commensal microbial ecosystem, collectively termed the microbiome, plays a vital role in host physiology and disease susceptibility. Being strategically situated in the intersection between the host and the external environment, the microbiome serves as a hub which integrates dietary and other environmental signals with a multitude of inherent host signals, and forms extensive communication networks with the host. Disruption of the delicate balance between the host and its microbiome can result in alterations in microbial composition, termed dysbiosis, which is associated with the etiology of multiple pathologies including metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Most mechanisms mediating these microbial effects on the host remain elusive. Microbial-induced host epigenetic modifications have been recently suggested as one such mechanism, by which the microbiome translates environmental signals to fine-tuning of the host gene expression and subsequently its corresponding systemic functions. In this chapter, we highlight recently studied examples exploring the mechanisms by which the microbiome may elicit epigenetic changes in the host, thereby affecting its physiology and pathology.

Keywords

Microbiome Microbiota Dysbiosis Epigenetics Intestine Immune cells Intestinal epithelial cells Diet Inflammatory bowel disease Tumorigenesis Metabolic syndrome 

List of Abbreviations

BMDM
Bone marrow-derived macrophages
CD
Crohn’s disease
DSS
Dextran sulfate sodium
GF
Germ-free
HDAC
Histone deacetylase
IECs
Intestinal epithelial cells
IFN-γ
Interferon-γ
ILCs
Innate lymphoid cells
iNKT
Invariant natural killer T cells
LMNA
Fatty acid synthase and lamin A/C
LP
Lamina propria
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NK
Natural killer
SCFAs
Short-chain fatty acids
SPF
Specific pathogen-free
Th
T helper
Tregs
Regulatory T cells
UC
Ulcerative colitis
WT
Wild-type
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