Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

Relationships between docosahexaenoic acid compositions of maternal and umbilical cord erythrocytes in pregnant Japanese women Publication date: August 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Volume 147 Author(s): Kazumi Yamada, Terue Kawabata, Yasuo Kagawa, Fumiko Kimura, Teruo Miyazawa, Nozomi Tatsuta, Shoji Saito, Takahiro Arima, Nobuo Yaegashi, Kunihiko Nakai Abstract Previous reports have shown that the transfer of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from mother to fetus during pregnancy is important for development of the child's nervous and visual functions. The amount of DHA passing through the placenta varies depending on the relative DHA compositions of the erythrocytes in the maternal blood and the umbilical cord. Prior research has reported that if the DHA composition of the maternal erythrocytes is over 5.6 g%, DHA in the erythrocytes of the child undergoes bioattenuation, whereas it undergoes biomagnification if the maternal erythrocyte composition is lower than 5.6 g%. The relationship between DHA levels in maternal erythrocytes during pregnancy and in umbilical cord erythrocytes at delivery was assessed in Japanese pregnant women. This study was performed as an adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. DHA compositions of maternal erythrocytes at 24–30 weeks of pregnancy and of umbilical cord erythrocytes at delivery were determined in 1368 mother-infant pairs. Median DHA values were 7.41% in the maternal erythrocytes and 6.84% in the umbilical cord erythrocytes, indicating significantly lower levels in the umbilical cord. When DHA composition in maternal erythrocytes was lower than 6.6%, DHA was theoretically higher in umbilical cord erythrocytes than in maternal erythrocytes. Conversely, when DHA composition in maternal erythrocytes was higher than 6.6%, DHA in umbilical cord erythrocytes was theoretically lower than in maternal erythrocytes. We therefore consider that there is a turning point of around 6% in the DHA composition of maternal and umbilical cord blood that is exchanged between mother and fetus: if the composition in the maternal blood is higher, then bioattenuation in DHA transfer from the maternal circulation to the umbilical cord occurs, while if it is lower, then biomagnification occurs. This corroborates the findings of previous research.

Serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of psychiatric disorder at 6 months after acute coronary syndrome: A prospective cohort study Publication date: Available online 3 July 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Author(s): Hiroko Noguchi, Ryo Okubo, Kei Hamazaki, Akihiro Yamashita, Tomomi Narisawa, Yutaka J. Matsuoka Abstract Cardiovascular disease is a known risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorder and about 20% of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) develop depression. Our previous prospective study showed that serum linoleic acid (LA) level at baseline (admission) is a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorder 3 months later. However, it was unclear whether serum LA could predict psychiatric disorders after 3 months. Thus, we examined the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels at ACS onset on comorbid psychiatric disorders at 6 months. The study involved a follow-up investigation of the previous prospective cohort study of ACS patients. The sample with complete participant data at 6 months post-ACS comprised 101 patients. On admission, serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels were measured by gas chromatography and patients were interviewed to obtain medical information. Eight patients (8%) showed psychiatric disorder at 6 months. The association between psychiatric disorder and serum PUFA concentrations at ACS onset was examined by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Psychiatric disorders were predicted by baseline serum LA level (odds ratio = 7.10, 95% confidence interval = 1.05–48.13), indicating that it is a significant risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorder at 6 months. Thus, dietary education to reduce the intake of LA-containing foods might be useful for preventing psychiatric disorder in the population at high risk for ACS. However, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder, particularly depressive disorder, may have been too low to identify significant differences in PUFA analysis.

Aging and FADS1 polymorphisms decrease the biosynthetic capacity of long-chain PUFAs: A human trial using [U-13C]linoleic acid Publication date: Available online 3 July 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Author(s): Hideyuki Sasaki, Toshiaki Sueyasu, Hisanori Tokuda, Mika Ito, Yoshihisa Kaneda, Tomohiro Rogi, Hiroshi Kawashima, Sayaka Horiguchi, Terue Kawabata, Hiroshi Shibata Abstract Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are important constituents of biomembranes. Observation of blood fatty acids indicated that LCPUFA biosynthesis is affected by aging and FADS polymorphisms. This study examined the effects of aging and FADS polymorphisms on LCPUFA biosynthetic capacity via direct quantification using [U-13C]linoleic acid. Healthy young (25–34 years) and elderly (65–74 years) participants were administered [U-13C]linoleate, and its metabolites were monitored for 14 days. The time of maximum plasma concentration of 13C-arachidonic acid (ARA) was 4–5 days. The area under the curve of the 13C-ARA concentration differed by FADS1 rs174547 polymorphism (TT [100%] > TC [57%] > CC [37%]). Among C allele carriers, 13C-ARA formation was 32% lower in elderly than in young participants. This is the first report to directly demonstrate that LCPUFA biosynthetic capacity is regulated by FADS1 polymorphisms and decreased by aging in FADS1 C allele carriers.

Effect of weight loss on neutrophil resolvins in the metabolic syndrome. Publication date: Available online 3 July 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Author(s): A. Barden, S. Shinde, I-J. Tsai, K.D. Croft, L.J. Beilin, I.B. Puddey, T.A. Mori Abstract Background : Non-resolving inflammation associates with obesity and insulin resistance, and may be dependent on the balance of inflammatory substances and specialised pro-resolving mediators of inflammation (SPM) that act to halt the inflammatory response. This controlled trial examined the effect of weight loss on neutrophil synthesis of SPM in volunteers with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods : Volunteers with MetS (n=42) were matched for age and gender and randomly assigned to a 12-wk weight loss program followed by 4-wk weight stabilization or a 16-wk weight maintenance program. At baseline and 16 weeks, isolated neutrophils were stimulated with calcium ionophore and the released SPM were measured by LC-MS/MS. Results : At baseline the SPM resolvin (Rv) E1, 18R-RvE3, RvD2 and Maresin-1 (MaR-1) were detected from stimulated neutrophils. The concentration of released RvE1 was at least 6-fold that of other detected SPM. Weight loss of 4.7±0.8 kg, led to a 2-fold increase in RvE1, P=0.013, relative to the weight maintenance group. The increase in RvE1 after weight loss was related to, but independent of leukotriene B4. Conclusion : Following weight loss, human neutrophils from individuals with the metabolic syndrome are capable of releasing larger amounts of RvE1 upon stimulation.

Growth, tolerance, and DHA and ARA status of healthy term infants receiving formula with two different ARA concentrations: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial Publication date: July 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Volume 146 Author(s): DR Hoffman, CL Harris, JL Wampler, AC Patterson, CL Berseth Abstract Circulating docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in total red blood cells (RBC) are considered indicators of fatty acid status. In this study, healthy term infants received study formula through 120 days of age. All study formulas had 17 mg DHA/100 kcal. Investigational formulas had 1) 25 g ARA/100 kcal and no added prebiotic blend (ARA-25; n = 29) or 2) 34 mg ARA/100 kcal and a prebiotic blend (1:1 ratio; 4 g/L) of polydextrose and galactooligosaccharides (PDX/GOS; n = 20). The control formula had 34 mg ARA/100 kcal and no added prebiotic blend (Control: n = 31). Fatty acids in total RBCs and plasma phospholipids (PPLs) at 120 days and buccal epithelial PLs at 14 and 120 days of age were assessed by capillary column gas chromatography. The calculated 90% confidence interval (CI) of each investigational formula relative to the Control for total RBC ARA (ARA-25: 93–105%; PDX/GOS: 96–110%) and total RBC DHA (ARA-25: 95–113%; PDX/GOS: 94–113%) fell within the pre-specified equivalence limit (85–118%), establishing study formula equivalence with respect to ARA and DHA. At day 120, total RBC and buccal epithelia PL ARA (µg/ml) were not significantly correlated (r = 0.041; p = 0.732); correlation in total RBC and buccal epithelia PL DHA was low, albeit significant (r = 0.324; p = 0.006). Consequently, buccal epithelial may not provide a suitable substitute for RBC when assessing fatty acid status and availability. The present RBC data suggest availability of DHA for central nervous system development and function is equivalent among infants receiving formulas that had 34 or 25 mg/100 kcal ARA and 17 mg/100 kcal DHA.

Relationship of Omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA with the inflammatory biomarker hs-CRP in children with sickle cell anemia Publication date: July 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Volume 146 Author(s): B N Yamaja Setty, Suhita Gayen Betal, Robin E Miller, Dawn S Brown, Maureen Meier, Michele Cahill, Norma B Lerner, Nataly Apollonsky, Marie J Stuart Abstract Background Inflammation and vaso-occlusion play key roles in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) pathophysiology. Lipoxygenase products of the omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs), docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, are potent anti-inflammatory mediators modulating pain. O3FAs decrease episodes of vaso-occlusion in SCD. Methods We assessed erythrocyte fatty acid composition in two major cell membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, in children with SCD HbSS-disease (n = 38) and age/race-matched HbAA-controls (n = 18). Ratio of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) to anti-inflammatory DHA and EPA (FA-Ratio), and its relationship to hs-CRP were evaluated. Results FA-Ratios were increased in both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in HbSS compared to controls. Correlations were noted in HbSS subjects between hs-CRP and FA-Ratios (p = 0.011). FA-Ratios increased with age (p = 0.0007) due to an increase in pro-inflammatory AA with a concomitant decrease in anti-inflammatory DHA. Conclusions Findings demonstrate relative deficiencies in HbSS of the anti-inflammatory precursor fatty acids DHA and EPA, which correlates positively with hs-CRP.

Changes to breast milk fatty acid composition during storage, handling and processing: A systematic review Publication date: July 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Volume 146 Author(s): Chang Gao, Jacqueline Miller, Philippa F. Middleton, Yi-Chao Huang, Andrew J. McPhee, Robert A. Gibson Abstract This review evaluated the effect of various storage and handling conditions on the fat composition of expressed breast milk (EBM). Three databases PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched in April 2019 with words from the three key components: human milk, handling process (i.e. storage and/or pasteurization), and fatty acid composition. The comparisons were EBM subjected to handling processes versus fresh EBM or versus EBM subjected to another handling processes. Both intervention and observational studies were included, and the outcomes measured included total fat and lipid classes of the EBM. We included 42 studies (43 reports), 41 of which were assessed to be of good quality. Relative changes to the fat composition of EBM subjected to handling processes were calculated based on the data provided in the included studies, and the results were synthesized narratively. The total fat content and total fatty acid composition of EBM was not generally influenced by storage and handling process, with most changes less than 10%, which is likely a result of methodological variation. A reduction in EBM triglyceride concentration and concomitant increase in free fatty acid concentration were seen after exposing to various conditions, probably due to endogenous lipase.

Editorial Board Publication date: July 2019 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Volume 146 Author(s):

Palmitic acid methyl ester is a novel neuroprotective agent against cardiac arrest Publication date: Available online 23 November 2018 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Author(s): Reggie Hui-Chao Lee, Alexandre Couto e Silva, HarLee E. Possoit, Francesca M. Lerner, Po-Yi Chen, Rinata Azizbayeva, Cristiane T. Citadin, Celeste Yin-Chieh Wu, Jake T. Neumann, Hung Wen Lin Abstract We previously discovered that palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME) is a potent vasodilator first identified and released from the superior cervical ganglion and remain understudied. Thus, we investigated PAME's role in modulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neuroprotection after 6 min of cardiac arrest (model of global cerebral ischemia). Our results suggest that PAME can enhance CBF under normal physiological conditions, while administration of PAME (0.02 mg/kg) immediately after cardiopulmonary resuscitation can also enhance CBF in vivo. Additionally, functional learning and spatial memory assessments (via T-maze) 3 days after asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA) suggest that PAME-treated rats have improved learning and memory recovery versus ACA alone. Furthermore, improved neuronal survival in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were observed in PAME-treated, ACA-induced rats. Altogether, our findings suggest that PAME can enhance CBF, alleviate neuronal cell death, and promote functional outcomes in the presence of ACA.

WITHDRAWN: The Endocannabinoid System: Overview of an Emerging Multi-faceted Therapeutic Target Publication date: Available online 11 July 2018 Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Author(s): Dipanjan Chanda, Dietbert Neumann, Jan F.C. Glatz