Related ArticlesReal-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 13;(148): Authors: Saint-Criq V, Haq IJ, Gardner AI, Garnett JP, Ward C, Brodlie M, Gray MA Abstract In recent years, the importance of mucosal surface pH in the airways has been highlighted by its ability to regulate airway surface liquid (ASL) hydration, mucus viscosity and activity of antimicrobial...
Related ArticlesQuantification of Atherosclerosis in Mice. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 12;(148): Authors: Centa M, Ketelhuth DFJ, Malin S, Gisterå A Abstract Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the world. The underlying cause in most cases is atherosclerosis, which is in part a chronic inflammatory disease. Experimental atherosclerosis studies have elucidated the role of cholesterol and inflammation in the disease process. This has led to successful...
Related ArticlesHemogenic Endothelium Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in A Feeder- and Xeno-free Defined Condition. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 16;(148): Authors: Ohta R, Sugimura R, Niwa A, Saito MK Abstract Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous transplants to treat hematological and malignant disorders. Hemogenic endothelium (HE)...
Related ArticlesLabeling of Blood Vessels in the Teleost Brain and Pituitary Using Cardiac Perfusion with a DiI-fixative. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 13;(148): Authors: Fontaine R, Weltzien FA Abstract Blood vessels innervate all tissues in vertebrates, enabling their survival by providing the necessary nutrients, oxygen, and hormonal signals. It is one of the first organs to start functioning during development. Mechanisms of blood vessel formation have become...
Related ArticlesBiomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 11;(148): Authors: Huang P, Fu L, Zhang Y, Fekete G, Ren F, Gu Y Abstract Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol...
Related ArticlesUsing Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 14;(148): Authors: Smith AM, Race E, Davis FC, Thomas AK Abstract Prior research demonstrated that learning information via retrieval practice, which entails studying and taking practice tests, resulted in less memory impairment under stress than learning information via repeated...
Related ArticlesIsokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 12;(148): Authors: Sin M, Kim WS, Cho K, Paik NJ Abstract Measuring spasticity is important in treatment planning and determining efficacy after treatment. However, the current tool used in clinical settings has been shown to be limited in inter-rater reliability. One factor...
Related ArticlesIsolation and Characterization of Tumor-initiating Cells from Sarcoma Patient-derived Xenografts. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 13;(148): Authors: Han D, Rodriguez-Bravo V, Izadmehr S, Domingo-Domenech J, Cordon-Cardo C Abstract The existence and importance of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have been supported by increasing evidence during the past decade. These TICs have been shown to be responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and drug resistance....
Related ArticlesEfficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 11;(148): Authors: Loh KM, Palaria A, Ang LT Abstract The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure-which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults-is a severe condition that can culminate...
Related ArticlesEvaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 15;(148): Authors: Vidergar R, Agostinis C, Zacchi P, Mangogna A, Bossi F, Zanconati F, Confalonieri M, Ricci G, Bulla R Abstract It has been increasingly demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment plays an active role in neoplasia growth and metastasis. Through different pathways, tumor cells can efficiently...
Related ArticlesCO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 12;(148): Authors: Fang X, Gao Z, Lu H, Zhu Q, Zhang Z Abstract We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea is to use concentration technology to raise the incident solar light intensity. Concentrating a large-area light onto a small area...
Related ArticlesCardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 11;(148): Authors: Johnson EM, Gage KL, Feuerlein S, Jeong D Abstract We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques. The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate...
Related ArticlesAn Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 12;(148): Authors: Katz N, Cohen R, Atar O, Goldberg S, Amit R Abstract In the initiation step of protein translation, the ribosome binds to the initiation region of the mRNA. Translation initiation can be blocked by binding of an RNA binding protein (RBP) to the initiation region of the mRNA, which interferes with ribosome binding. In the presented method,...
Related ArticlesThe Use of Mouse Mammary Tumor Cells in an In Vitro Invasion Assay as a Measure of Oncogenic Cell Behavior. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 12;(148): Authors: Schmidt JA, Knepper JE Abstract The in vitro invasion assay uses a protein-rich matrix in a Boyden chamber to measure the ability of cultured cells to pass through the matrix and a porous membrane in a process analogous to the initial steps of cancer cell metastasis. The tested cells can be...
Related ArticlesSimultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 17;(148): Authors: Wang S, Chandravadia N, Mamelak AN, Rutishauser U Abstract Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool...
Related ArticlesIn Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 17;(148): Authors: Pereira M, Birtele M, Rylander Ottosson D Abstract Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative cell replacement therapies while also creating tools to study cell fate in situ....
Related ArticlesMulti-locus Variable-number Tandem-repeat Analysis of the Fish-pathogenic Bacterium Yersinia ruckeri by Multiplex PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 17;(148): Authors: Gulla S, Mohammad SN, Colquhoun DJ Abstract Yersinia ruckeri is an important pathogen of farmed salmonids worldwide, but simple tools suitable for epizootiological investigations (infection tracing, etc.) of this bacterium have been lacking. A Multi-Locus...
Related ArticlesAssessing Cell Viability and Death in 3D Spheroid Cultures of Cancer Cells. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 16;(148): Authors: Rolver MG, Elingaard-Larsen LO, Pedersen SF Abstract Three-dimensional spheroids of cancer cells are important tools for both cancer drug screens and for gaining mechanistic insight into cancer cell biology. The power of this preparation lies in its ability to mimic many aspects of the in vivo conditions of tumors while being...
Related ArticlesChromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 14;(148): Authors: Outh-Gauer S, Augustin J, Mandavit M, Grard O, Denize T, Nervo M, Lépine C, Rassy M, Tartour E, Badoual C Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), which tends to be associated with a better outcome than alcohol- and...
Related ArticlesA Converging Strategy for the Generation of a Virtually Sequenced cDNA Library from Unreferenced Pacific Oysters. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 13;(148): Authors: Lyu YM, Li YQ, Song HB, Guo J, Wang T, Liu L, Yedid G, Voglmeir J Abstract The access to biological material of reference species, which were used previously in key experiments such as in the development of novel cell lines or genome sequencing projects, are often difficult to provide...
Related ArticlesNitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 16;(148): Authors: Feng S, Wen X, Lu X Abstract Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in eukaryotic cells. Precise identification of nitration sites on proteins is crucial...
Related ArticlesA Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 11;(148): Authors: Wang JJ, Qiu L, Fernandez R, Yeap XY, Lin CX, Zhang ZJ Abstract The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone splenectomy regardless of precipitating causes are prone to...
Related ArticlesA Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 12;(148): Authors: Hou W, Wang H, Wang W, Liu Z, Li Q Abstract Injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into a deep coal seam is of great significance for reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increasing the recovery of coalbed methane. A visualized and constant-volume...
Related ArticlesMeasuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 14;(148): Authors: Zhuang S, Zhao M, Wang Z, Zhang L, Huang Y, Zheng Y Abstract The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on an optical lever method is designed. A millimetric cantilever is used...
Related ArticlesIsolation of Myoepithelial Cells from Adult Murine Lacrimal and Submandibular Glands. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 11;(148): Authors: Zyrianova T, Basova LV, Makarenkova H Abstract The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine tubuloacinar gland that secretes an aqueous layer of tear film. The LG epithelial tree is comprised of acinar, ductal epithelial, and myoepithelial cells (MECs). MECs express alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and have a contractile...
Related ArticlesIsolation and Quantitative Evaluation of Brush Cells from Mouse Tracheas. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 12;(148): Authors: Ualiyeva S, Yoshimoto E, Barrett NA, Bankova LG Abstract Tracheal brush cells are cholinergic chemosensory epithelial cells poised to transmit signals from the airway lumen to the immune and nervous systems. They are part of a family of chemosensory epithelial cells which include tuft cells in the intestinal mucosa, brush cells...
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Related ArticlesUsing Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 13;(148): Authors: Koehler CC, Hall LM, Hellmer CB, Ichinose T Abstract The visual system in the central nervous system processes diverse visual signals. Although the overall structure has been characterized from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, the system is complex. Cellular and molecular studies have been conducted to elucidate...
Related ArticlesGeneration of Tumor Organoids from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 13;(148): Authors: Wadosky KM, Wang Y, Zhang X, Goodrich DW Abstract Methods based on homologous recombination to modify genes have significantly furthered biological research. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are a rigorous method for studying mammalian development and disease. Our laboratory has developed several...
Related ArticlesStudy on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Leaves. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 15;(148): Authors: Jiao W, Ge G, Hua R, Sun J, Li Y, Hou R Abstract A platform for studying insecticide metabolism using in vitro tissues of tea plant was developed. Leaves from sterile tea plantlets were induced to form loose callus on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media...
Related ArticlesDirect Measurement of KDM1A Target Engagement Using Chemoprobe-based Immunoassays. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 13;(148): Authors: Mascaró C, Ruiz Rodriguez R, Maes T Abstract The assessment of the target engagement, defined as the interaction of a drug with the protein it was designed for, is a basic requirement for the interpretation of the biological activity of any compound in drug development or in basic research projects. In epigenetics,...
Related ArticlesA Laboratory Method to Measure Contagious Yawning in Rats. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jun 14;(148): Authors: Moyaho A, Díaz-Loyo AP, Juárez-Mora OE, Beristain-Castillo E Abstract Communication is an essential aspect of animal social life. Animals may influence one another and come together in schools, flocks, and herds. Communication is also the way sexes interact during courtship and how rivals settle disputes without fighting. However, there are...
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