Carbohydrate Availability as a Regulator of Energy Balance with Exercise We explore the novel hypothesis that carbohydrate availability is involved in the regulation of energy balance with exercise, via hormonal and neural signals. We propose that carbohydrate availability could play a direct mechanistic role and partially explain previously-documented relationships between a more active lifestyle and tighter control of energy balance. Corresponding author: Javier T. Gonzalez, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Tel: 0(+44) 1225 38 5518; E-mail: J.T.Gonzalez@bath.ac.uk, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9939-0074. Funding: No funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript. Conflicts of interest: J.T.G. has received research funding and/or has acted as a consultant for Arla Foods Ingredients, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, Kenniscentrum Suiker and Voeding, and PepsiCo. J.A.B. has received research funding and/or has acted as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, Kellogg’s, Nestlé and PepsiCo and is a scientific advisor to the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). D.T. has received funding and acted as a consultant for Unilever. © 2019 American College of Sports Medicine